Table 3.
Determinants of PNC use in urban and rural Ethiopia (EDHS) 2000–2016 (n = 17,740).
| Urban Residence | Rural Residence | |||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Variables | Unadjusted OR | 95%CI | p Value | Adjusted OR | 95%CI | p Value | Unadjusted OR | 95%CI | p value | Adjusted OR | 95%CI | p Value |
| Predisposing factor | ||||||||||||
| Maternal education | ||||||||||||
| No education | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||||||
| Primary | 1.80 | 1.20–2.69 | p = 0.004 | 0.63 | 0.35–1.13 | p = 0.125 | 2.16 | 1.7–2.6 | p < 0.001 | 1.06 | 0.77–1.4 | p = 0.72 |
| Secondary | 4.00 | 2.73–5.85 | p < 0.001 | 0.89 | 0.50–1.59 | p = 0.711 | 6.47 | 4.3–9.5 | p < 0.001 | 1.29 | 0.6–2.4 | p = 0.44 |
| Maternal Working status | ||||||||||||
| Not working | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||||||
| Professional | 1.27 | 0.91–1.79 | p = 0.156 | 1.08 | 0.69–1.70 | p = 0.714 | 1.73 | 1.32–2.26 | p < 0.001 | 0.97 | 0.69–1.37 | p = 0.90 |
| Agricultural | 0.74 | 0.41–1.31 | p = 0.305 | 1.16 | 0.57–2.35 | p = 0.680 | 0.93 | 0.75–1.15 | p = 0.524 | 1.12 | 0.84–1.49 | p = 0.423 |
| Father’s education | ||||||||||||
| No education | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||||||
| Primary | 1.64 | 1.07–2.51 | p = 0.023 | 1.17 | 0.63–2.16 | p = 0.610 | 1.29 | 1.05–1.57 | p = 0.012 | 0.92 | 0.68–1.23 | p = 0.581 |
| Secondary | 2.92 | 2.07–4.11 | p < 0.001 | 1.37 | 0.76–2.46 | p = 0.291 | 2.45 | 1.83–3.28 | p < 0.001 | 0.72 | 0.47–1.10 | p = 0.132 |
| Father’s working status | ||||||||||||
| Not working | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||||||
| Professional | 0.56 | 0.29 1.08 | p =0.085 | 1.00 | 0.46–2.15 | p = 0.998 | 1.43 | 0.90–2.26 | p = 0.12 | 1.95 | 1.12–3.38 | p = 0.017 |
| Agricultural | 0.47 | 0.24–0.90 | p = 0.025 | 1.03 | 0.49–2.17 | p = 0.934 | 0.512 | 0.33–0.77 | p = 0.001 | 1.55 | 0.97–2.48 | p = 0.066 |
| Marital status | ||||||||||||
| Never married | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||||||
| Formerly married | 0.69 | 0.24–1.97 | p = 0.493 | 1.05 | 0.50–2.19 | p = 0.333 | 0.416 | 0.15–1.09 | p = 0.075 | 1.40 | 0.73–2.70 | p = 0.305 |
| Currently married | 1.08 | 0.45–2.59 | p = 0.857 | 0.36 | 0.14–0.91 | p = 0.032 | ||||||
| Household wealth index | ||||||||||||
| Poor | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||||||
| Middle | 2.51 | 1.00–6.29 | p < 0.001 | 1.32 | 0.411–4.25 | p = 0.083 | 1.75 | 1.43–2.14 | p < 0.001 | 1.19 | 0.90–1.57 | p = 0.201 |
| Rich | 4.25 | 1.83–9.84 | p < 0.001 | 1.43 | 0.51–3.96 | p = 0.008 | 3.62 | 2.76–4.76 | p < 0.001 | 1.85 | 1.23–2.79 | p = 0.003 |
| Mother’s age | ||||||||||||
| 15–24 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||||||
| 25–34 | 1.50 | 1.06–2.11 | p = 0.020 | 1.17 | 0.70–1.95 | p = 0.774 | 0.86 | 0.70–1.05 | p = 0.150 | 1.03 | 0.71–1.49 | p = 0.873 |
| 35–49 | 0.98 | 0.62–1.55 | p = 0.961 | 0.57 | 0.25–1.29 | p = 0.338 | 0.81 | 0.63–1.03 | p = 0.096 | 0.96 | 0.62–1.49 | p = 0.888 |
| Need factors | ||||||||||||
| ANC visit | ||||||||||||
| None | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||||||
| 1–3 | 3.09 | 1.79–5.34 | p < 0.001 | 0.77 | 0.39–1.50 | p < 0.001 | 3.88 | 3.04–4.97 | p < 0.001 | 2.27 | 1.55–3.32 | p < 0.001 |
| Four or more | 7.73 | 4.71–12.6 | p < 0.001 | 1.78 | 0.92–3.41 | p < 0.001 | 8.58 | 6.66–11.0 | p < 0.001 | 3.27 | 2.21–4.83 | p < 0.001 |
| Place of delivery | ||||||||||||
| Home | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||||||
| Health facility | 9.89 | 6.56–14.9 | p < 0.001 | 2.11 | 0.63–7.01 | p = 0.039 | 20.5 | 16.2–25.8 | p < 0.001 | 2.68 | 0.81–8.86 | p = 0.105 |
| Type of delivery assist | ||||||||||||
| Health professional | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||||||
| TBA | 0.086 | 0.05–0.14 | p < 0.001 | 0.185 | 0.053–0.648 | p = 0.008 | 0.078 | 0.06–0.10 | p < 0.001 | 0.22 | 0.06–0.76 | p = 0.017 |
| Other non-health professional | 0.084 | 0.04–0.015 | p < 0.001 | 0.181 | 0.046–0.706 | p = 0.014 | 0.031 | 0.02–0.04 | p < 0.001 | 0.14 | 0.04–0.51 | p = 0.002 |
| Birth interval | ||||||||||||
| No previous birth | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||||||
| <24months | 0.43 | 0.26–0.70 | p = 0.001 | 0.953 | 0.45–2.01 | p = 0.901 | 0.407 | 0.29–0.56 | p < 0.001 | 0.67 | 0.37–1.20 | p = 0.186 |
| ≥24 months | 0.75 | 0.54–1.03 | p = 0.079 | 1.78 | 1.08–2.95 | p = 0.023 | 0.64 | 0.52–0.79 | p < 0.001 | 1.11 | 0.71–1.72 | p = 0.634 |
| Accompany for medical help | ||||||||||||
| Big problem | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||||||
| Not a big problem | 1.27 | 0.92–1.76 | p = 0.139 | 0.89 | 0.59–1.35 | p = 0.605 | 1.87 | 1.51–2.32 | p < 0.001 | 1.02 | 0.75–1.38 | p = 0.883 |
| Distance from the health facility | ||||||||||||
| Big problem | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||||||
| Not a big problem | 1.53 | 1.09–2.14 | p = 0.014 | 1.18 | 0.75–1.88 | p = 0.459 | 2.60 | 2.12–3.17 | p < 0.001 | 1.35 | 1.03–1.76 | p = 0.029 |
| Permission for medical help | ||||||||||||
| Big problem | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||||||
| Not a big problem | 1.32 | 0.83–2.09 | p = 0.234 | 0.66 | 0.343–1.27 | p = 0.213 | 1.39 | 1.11–1.74 | p = 0.004 | 0.97 | 0.72–1.31 | p = 0.893 |