| AFSCs | amniotic fluid stem cells |
| ESCs | embryonic stem cells |
| iPSCs | induced pluripotent stem cells |
| FGF2 | fibroblast growth factor 2 |
| TGF-β | transforming growth factor β |
| BMP4 | bone morphogenetic protein 4 |
| ESC-CMs | cardiomyocytes differentiated from embryonic stem cells |
| hESCs | human embryonic stem cells |
| hESC-CM | hESC-derived cardiomyocytes |
| AFSC-CM | AFSC-derived cardiomyocytes |