Table 1.
Immunocyte Membrane Surface Markers That May Contribute to Nanomaterials’ Anti-Tumor Immune Effects.
| Cell Type | Marker | Ligand | Function |
|---|---|---|---|
| Macrophage | CCR2 | CCL2 | Induces a strong chemotactic response, guides immune cells to inflammatory and tumor sites |
| VCAM-1 | 4VLA-4) or integrin α4β1 | Cell adhesion, cell signal transduction | |
| ICAM-1 | LFA-1, Mac-1 | Facilitates transmigration of leukocytes across vascular endothelia, intercellular adhesion | |
| T-cell | TCR | peptide/MHC complex | Antigen recognition and presentation |
| CD28 | CD80, CD86 | Brings T-cell and antigen-presenting cell membranes into close proximity | |
| CTLA-4 | CD80, CD86 | Immune checkpoint and down-regulates immune responses | |
| PD-1 | PD-l, B7 | Immune checkpoint and down-regulates immune responses | |
| LFA-1 | ICAM | Cell adhesion and co-stimulator | |
| LFA-2 | LFA-3, CD48 | Cell adhesion and co-stimulator | |
| NK cell | NK p46 | CD247, FCER1G. | Activates NK cells, mediates tumor cell lysis |
| NKp44 | NKp44L, 21spe-MLL5, PCNA, HSPGs | Activates NK cells, mediates tumor cell lysis. Transmembrane Signaling Receptor Activity | |
| NCAM1 | rabies virus glycoprotein | MAPK cascade, cell adhesion, host-virus interaction | |
| FCGR3 | immunoglobulin gamma Fc region | Binds to the Fc portion of igg antibodies and activates antibody-dependent cell mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC) | |
| DNAM-1 | PVR, NECTIN2 | Signal transducing adhesion involved in the adhesion of certain tumor cells to CTL and NK cells, mediates their cytotoxicity | |
| DC | peptide/MHC complex | TCR | Antigen recognition and presentation |
| INAM | IRF3 | Stimulates NK cell activation | |
| ICAM | LFA-1 | Cell adhesion and co-stimulator |