Table 5.

Overview of organoid-based drug response assays in ovarian cancer.

Study	Type of ECM	Results	Reference
Loessner et al. (2010)	Bioengineered PEG-based hydrogel matrix	Developed a 3D cell culture platform using a biomimetic synthetic hydrogel. The resulting multicellular structures were tested for sensitivity to paclitaxel compared to 2D monolayer culture.	[75]
Yang and Zhao (2011)	Nanofiber scaffold based 3D cell culture	Ovarian cancer cells grown in 3D on nanofiber scaffold were found to exhibit higher therapeutic resistance to anti-cancer drugs, like 5-FU, paclitaxel, and curcumin compared to conventional 2D cell culture.	[76]
Hill et al. (2018)	Matrigel-based	Developed short-term patient-derived ovarian cancer organoids for drug screening analyses.	[72]
Phan et al. (2019)	Matrigel-based	Developed a high throughput drug screening platform to evaluate the therapeutic response of tumor organoids derived from clinical samples and cell lines.	[77]
Kopper et al. (2019)	Basement membrane extract-based	Developed patient-derived organoid lines from main subtypes of ovarian cancer as a platform for drug screening assays.	[36]
Maenhoudt et al. (2020)	Matrigel-based	Developed patient-derived organoid lines from predominately high grade serous ovarian cancers and performed mutational analyses and chemosensitivity assays.	[73]
Chen et al. (2020)	Basement membrane extract-based	Developed a short duration organoid culture platform derived from HGSOC malignant effusion specimens and utilized it for drug sensitivity testing	[78]
de Witte et al. (2020)	Basement membrane extract-based	Utilized a patient-derived organoid (PDO) platform to assess the chemotherapy response to various drugs. The in vitro drug response of 7 PDOs treated with carboplatin and paclitaxel correlated with clinical outcomes seen in those patients.	[79]
Nanki et al. (2020)	Matrigel-based	Developed a PDO platform that recapitulated the in vivo architecture and genetic signature of original ovarian cancer tumor. This was utilized for drug sensitivity testing using 23 FDA-approved drugs	[80]
Zhang et al. (2020)	Matrigel-based	Modelled HGSOC by genetically manipulating mouse fallopian tube epithelium. Sensitivity of derived organoids was tested in drug assays.	[81]