Table 3.
Major (mg/L) and minor (µg/L) volatile compounds in wines before bottling and storage for one year under the different conditions tested. SUP: super quality natural corks; THR: third quality natural corks; MGR: microgranulated corks.
| Wine Before Bottling |
Light Exposure/24 ± 2 °C | Darkness/12 °C | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| SUP | THR | MGR | SUP | THR | MGR | ||
| Major volatile compounds (mg/L) | |||||||
| acetaldehyde | 38.5 c ± 0.7 | 31.2 b ± 1.8 | 28.5 a ± 1.5 | 27.4 a ± 2.2 | 36.0 c ± 0.2 | 32.3 b ± 0.1 | 33.5 b ± 2.1 |
| ethyl acetate | 75.5 d ± 0.7 | 37.1 b ± 4.1 | 29.5 a ± 1.7 | 30.7 a ± 2.0 | 70.3 c,d ± 2.4 | 68.0 c ± 3.6 | 73.9 c,d ± 3.4 |
| methanol | 104.6 d ± 3.9 | 68.5 c ± 1.7 | 63.6 a,b,c ± 2.7 | 67.3 b,c ± 3.1 | 59.0 a ± 1.4 | 61.0 a,b ± 0.1 | 63.7 a,b,c ± 4.7 |
| diacetyl | 1.4 b ± 0.30 | nd a | nd a | nd a | nd a | nd a | nd a |
| ethyl butyrate | 0.8 b ± 0.05 | nd a | nd a | nd a | nd a | nd a | nd a |
| propanol | 62.5 a,b ± 0.1 | 66.4 c ± 2.3 | 61.3 a ± 1.3 | 62.4 a,b ± 2.2 | 63.0 a,b ± 2.2 | 68.9 c ± 0.3 | 64.6 a,b ± 2.2 |
| isobutanol | 23.9 c ± 3.2 | 13.6 a,b ± 1.8 | 12.6 a,b ± 2.3 | 13.8 a,b ± 3.3 | 14.7 a,b ± 2.0 | 17.6 b ± 1.9 | 10.4 a ± 1.7 |
| isoamyl acetate | 6.4 c ± 0.4 | 0.2 a ± 0.1 | 0.2 a ± 0.1 | 0.1 a ± 0.0 | 2.7 b ± 0.1 | 2.5 b ± 0.3 | 2.5 b ± 0.2 |
| 1-butanol | 0.7 a ± 0.2 | 0.7 a ± 0.2 | 0.6 a ± 0.1 | 0.8 a ± 0.3 | 0.9 a ± 0.2 | 0.5 a ± 0.1 | 0.7 a ± 0.3 |
| isoamyl alcohol | 192.3 c ± 2.0 | 174.4 b ± 4.2 | 169.8 a,b ± 6.9 | 172.8 b ± 4.1 | 157.3 a ± 5.1 | 167.0 a,b ± 5.1 | 167.6 a,b ± 8.9 |
| acetoin | 8.9 d ± 0.1 | 0.1 a ± 0.0 | 0.1 a ± 0.0 | 0.1 a ± 0.0 | 2.1 c ± 0.42 | 1.3 b ± 0.2 | 2.4 c ± 0.2 |
| ethyl lactate | 7.5 a ± 0.4 | 19.5 c ± 1.4 | 20.5 c ± 1.6 | 21.1 c ± 2.0 | 14.2 b ± 0.9 | 16.6 b ± 1.3 | 15.3 b ± 1.2 |
| Minor volatile compounds (µg/L) | |||||||
| Esters | |||||||
| ethyl hexanoate | 661.4 b ± 39.7 | 546.8 a,b ± 68.3 | 551.9 a,b ± 70.0 | 576.7 a,b ± 34.8 | 591.6 a,b ± 56.9 | 595.4 a,b ± 63.3 | 503.9 a ± 38.4 |
| ethyl pyruvate | 34.6 b ± 6.3 | 31.4 a,b ± 8.4 | 26.3 a,b ± 5.2 | 23.4 a,b ± 9.3 | 19.9 a,b ± 7.8 | 20.2 a,b ± 2.1 | 16.1 a ± 2.8 |
| hexyl acetate | 257.2 d ± 6.3 | 18.0 a ± 5.1 | 24.3 a ± 8.2 | 28.8 a ± 7.2 | 138.7 c ± 10.4 | 152.3 c ± 13.1 | 112.6 b ± 18.2 |
| ethyl 2-hydroxy-3-methylbutyrate | 2.9 a ± 0.2 | 7.2 b ± 0.5 | 7.3 b ± 0.5 | 7.7 b ± 0.2 | 2.8 a ± 0.2 | 2.8 a ± 0.1 | 2.5 a ± 0.5 |
| ethyl octanoate | 1626.1 c ± 9.3 | 560.5 b ± 89.8 | 428.8 a ± 50.5 | 440.0 a ± 73.9 | 601.2 b ± 23.3 | 423.3 a ± 35.2 | 595.2 b ± 72.2 |
| methyl 2-hydroxy-4-methylpentanoate | 4.1 c ± 0.4 | 2.3 b ± 0.4 | 2.1 b ± 0.1 | 2.2 b ± 0.2 | 1.1 a ± 0.1 | 1.2 a ± 0.1 | 1.0 a ± 0.1 |
| ethyl 3-hydroxybutyrate | 104.6 b ± 2.5 | 43.5 a ± 1.9 | 43.8 a ± 2.7 | 46.2 a ± 2.3 | 49.0 a ± 2.4 | 49.6 a ± 3.7 | 48.3 a ± 10.5 |
| ethyl 2-hydroxy-4-methylpentanoate | 28.9 a ± 4.7 | 80.3 a ± 42.8 | 58.8 a ± 12.8 | 84.1 a ± 43.4 | 33.7 a ± 1.8 | 28.3 a ± 1.9 | 34.8 a ± 12.3 |
| diethyl malonate | 2.5 a ± 0.1 | 6.7 b ± 0.0 | 7.0 c ± 0.2 | 6.7 b ± 0.2 | 2.6 a ± 0.1 | 2.6 a ± 0.1 | 2.7 a ± 0.2 |
| ethyl decanoate | 431.8 e ± 4.7 | 78.0 c ± 9.3 | 30.7 a ± 6.6 | 29.5 a ± 8.8 | 101.9 d ± 12.1 | 54.8 b ± 11.3 | 68.9 b,c ± 15.1 |
| ethyl 4-hydroxybutyrate | 278.2 c ± 1.7 | 24.0 a ± 0.9 | 22.4 a ± 2.5 | 21.8 a ± 0.4 | 56.7 b ± 6.1 | 57.5 b ± 1.8 | 55.3 b ± 2.7 |
| 1,3-propanediol diacetate | 50.0 c ± 4.2 | 2.2 a ± 0.3 | 2.2 a ± 0.2 | 2.1 a ± 0.1 | 10.7 b ± 0.8 | 10.1 b ± 0.2 | 9.5 b ± 0.1 |
| ethyl 3-hydroxyhexanoate | 2.7 c ± 0.1 | 2.4 b ± 0.1 | 2.3 b ± 0.1 | 2.2 b ± 0.1 | 1.5 a ± 0.1 | 1.5 a ± 0.1 | 1.5 a ± 0.1 |
| ethyl succinate | 3288.8 a ± 996.6 | 10398.5 c ± 990.9 | 10385.3 c ± 913.3 | 9051.2 a,c ± 1246.3 | 7100.7 a ± 1214.6 | 8395.3 a,c ± 475.6 | 7262.3 a ± 808.8 |
| ethyl glutarate | 21.7 a ± 1.8 | 98.4 c ± 0.6 | 95.7 c ± 7.8 | 93.6 c ± 6.6 | 47.9 b ± 3.8 | 48.2 b ± 4.9 | 43.9 b ± 6.8 |
| C6 alcohols | |||||||
| 1-hexanol | 1808.0 a ± 57.2 | 1973.1 a ± 211.3 | 2017.6 a ± 137.5 | 2058.1 a ± 61.2 | 1920.5 a ± 239.8 | 2000.3 a ± 105.0 | 1669.0 a ± 61.3 |
| cis-3-hexen-1-ol | 216.4 a ± 4.1 | 238.8 a ± 31.7 | 243.4 a ± 18.0 | 243.5 a ± 12.0 | 227.8 a ± 23.4 | 247.5 a ± 12.9 | 218.7 a ± 21.3 |
| trans-2-hexen-1-ol | 5.0 b ± 0.3 | 3.0 a ± 0.6 | 3.6 a ± 0.7 | 3.0 a ± 0.2 | 7.9 c ± 0.4 | 8.0 c ± 0.5 | 8.2 c ± 1.3 |
| cis-2-hexen-1-ol | 34.4 a ± 3.0 | 32.3 a ± 3.5 | 30.9 a ± 2.2 | 29.9 a ± 2.2 | 28.4 a ± 3.0 | 29.3 a ± 2.9 | 28.7 a ± 4.0 |
| Benzenic compounds | |||||||
| benzaldehyde | 34.0 a ± 1.1 | 35.5 a ± 4.1 | 37.9 a ± 5.1 | 35.8 a ± 2.1 | 39.9 a ± 3.4 | 42.3 a ± 2.8 | 37.0 a ± 1.9 |
| 2-phenylethyl acetate | 582.0 c ± 2.8 | 21.5 a ± 1.5 | 23.0 a ± 1.4 | 20.7 a ± 0.7 | 178.0 b ± 13.4 | 181.4 b ± 5.8 | 175.8 b ± 1.7 |
| guaiacol | 10.1 c ± 0.4 | 8.3 b,c ± 1.4 | 8.1 b,c ± 1.4 | 6.8 a,b ± 1.3 | 5.3 a ± 0.7 | 7.3 a,b ± 0.4 | 6.2 a,b ±0.8 |
| benzyl alcohol | 221.9 a ± 4.3 | 263.0 a ± 96.1 | 309.8 a ± 99.9 | 186.5 a ± 22.5 | 251.5 a ± 19.6 | 272.9 a ± 45.4 | 286.9 a ± 67.3 |
| phenyl ethyl alcohol | 8384.9 a ± 802.5 | 7914.4 a ± 3082.9 | 9311.7 a ± 1997.6 | 9234.5 a ± 3182.7 | 9166.7 a ± 933.2 | 8556.5 a ± 1506.6 | 8724.8 a ± 1375.6 |
| 4-vinylguaiacol | 564.9 b ± 49.3 | 624.2 b ± 66.5 | 509.5 b ± 14.6 | 550.7 b ± 96.6 | 330.6 a ± 77.4 | 373.5 a ± 34.0 | 402.5 a ± 35.6 |
| Terpenes | |||||||
| trans-linalool oxide | 2.6 b ± 0.3 | 7.4 c ± 0.1 | 7.5 c ± 0.2 | 7.5 c ± 0,1 | 1.9 a ± 0.2 | 1.9 a ± 0.1 | 1.8 a ± 0.2 |
| cis-linalool oxide | 1.9 a ± 0.3 | 4.3 b ± 0.2 | 4.2 b ± 0.2 | 3.9 b ± 0.4 | 1.4 a ± 0.1 | 1.4 a ± 0.1 | 1.4 a ± 0.1 |
| linalool | 5.0 c ± 0.4 | 0.6 a ± 0.2 | 0.5 a ± 0.1 | 0.6 a ± 0.1 | 3.8 b ± 0.4 | 3.6 b ± 0.0 | 3.5 b ± 0.2 |
| hotrienol | 2.4 a,b ± 0.0 | 3.1 b ± 0.8 | 2.8 b ± 0.8 | 3.0 b ± 0.3 | 1.3 a ± 0.4 | 1.4 a ± 0.2 | 1.3 a ± 0.3 |
| α-terpineol | 6.0 a ± 0.1 | 29.8 b ± 4.6 | 27.2 b ± 3.6 | 27.7 b ± 3.8 | 11.8 a ± 2.0 | 12.4 a ± 0.3 | 11.9 a ± 3.0 |
| citronellol | 3.4 b ± 0.2 | 1.7 a ± 0.4 | 1.6 a ± 0.2 | 1.5 a ± 0.1 | 1.5 a ± 0.1 | 1.5 a ± 0.0 | 1.5 a ± 0.2 |
| trans-geraniol | 1.7 a ± 0.3 | 1.3 a ± 0.2 | 1.5 a ± 0.3 | 1.3 a ± 0.1 | 1.2 a ± 0.2 | 1.4 a ± 0.2 | 1.3 a ± 0.1 |
| hydroxylinalool | 3.4 c ± 0.1 | 2.1 a,b ± 0.2 | 1.5 a ± 0.2 | 1.6 a ± 0.1 | 2.6 b ± 0.3 | 2.7 b ± 0.2 | 2.7 b ± 0.6 |
| geranic acid | 22.1 c ± 1.2 | 10.1 b ± 1.4 | 8.6 b,a ± 0.3 | 7.3 a ± 0.3 | 9.9 b ± 0.4 | 6.7 a ± 0.7 | 7.1 a ± 0.6 |
| C13-norisoprenoids | |||||||
| vitispirane | 0.7 a ± 0.1 | 6.9 c ± 0.8 | 6.3 b,c ± 0.7 | 5.8 b ± 0.5 | 0.6 a ± 0.0 | 0.6 a ± 0.0 | 0.7 a ± 0.1 |
| β-damascenone | 13.4 b ± 0.6 | 7.3 a ± 0.7 | 6.7 a ± 0.7 | 6.1 a ± 0.5 | 6.4 a ± 1.0 | 5.3 a ± 0.8 | 5.9 a ± 0.1 |
| α-ionone | 1.1 a ± 0.3 | 1.0 a ± 0.2 | 0.9 a ± 0.3 | 1.0 a ± 0.1 | 0.8 a ± 0.3 | 0.6 a ± 0.3 | 0.7 a ± 0.2 |
| TDN | 9.7 a ± 0.2 | 24.7 b ± 4.9 | 23.3 b ± 7.4 | 25.7 b ± 2.4 | 8.8 a ± 2.5 | 9.2 a ± 1.7 | 9.9 a ± 2.3 |
| 3-oxo-α-ionol | 82.0 b ± 10.9 | 45.0 a ± 3.5 | 45.1 a ± 3.0 | 40.6 a ± 4.8 | 43.2 a ± 5.0 | 41.1 a ± 2.8 | 41.2 a ± 3.6 |
| Lactones | |||||||
| γ-butyrolactone | 12.7 a ± 2.1 | 11.7 a ± 12.2 | 7.9 a ± 4.0 | 13.9 a ± 14.6 | 15.4 a ± 2.0 | 16.0 a ± 2.6 | 13.4 a ± 1.4 |
| γ-caprolactone | 1.4 a ± 0.1 | 2.4 b ± 0.3 | 2.3 b ± 0.3 | 2.2 b ± 0.1 | 2.2 b ± 0.1 | 2.3 b ± 0.1 | 2.4 b ± 0.1 |
| γ-nonalactone | 12.4 a ± 0.7 | 18.9 c ± 0.9 | 15.8 b ± 2.2 | 17.6 b,c ± 1.2 | 11.2 a ± 1.2 | 9.9 a ± 0.5 | 10.1 a ± 0.7 |
| pantolactone | 0.03 a ± 0.00 | 0.08 b ± 0.01 | 0.08 b ± 0.01 | 0.07 b ± 0.00 | 0.03 c ± 0.00 | 0.03 c ± 0.00 | 0.03 c ± 0.00 |
| γ-decalactone | 512.9 a ± 29.3 | 817.9 b ± 84.0 | 775.1 b ± 52.4 | 776.3 b ± 37.0 | 484.5 a ± 52.3 | 434.7 a ± 5.2 | 446.7 a ± 32.0 |
| Furan and pyran compounds | |||||||
| furfural | 23.9 a ± 2.1 | 156.4 b ± 19.4 | 154.6 b ± 21.6 | 167.2 b ± 9.3 | 21.3 a ± 11.8 | 18.0 a ± 7.9 | 11.9 a ± 2.9 |
| furanyl ethanone | 4.0 a ± 0.4 | 15.1 b ± 1.3 | 15.3 b ± 1.5 | 16.2 b ± 0.5 | 3.9 a ± 0.3 | 4.0 a ± 0.3 | 4.3 a ± 0.8 |
| ethyl 2-furoate | 13.9 a ± 0.2 | 94.7 c ± 2.3 | 95.8 c ± 3.5 | 97.0 c ± 3.2 | 32.3 b ± 1.3 | 33.9 b ± 3.1 | 29.6 b ± 0.9 |
| 5-ethoxymethylfurfural | 88.6 a ± 2.0 | 198.3 c ± 13.6 | 192.9 c ± 18.2 | 192.7 c ± 18.0 | 130.8 b ± 8.0 | 142.2 b ± 4.8 | 121.0 b ± 11.3 |
| furaneol | 1.4 a ± 0.2 | 3.5 b ± 0.5 | 3.4 b ± 0.6 | 2.9 a,b ± 0.5 | 2.2 a ± 0.2 | 2.6 a ± 0.1 | 2.6 a ± 0.1 |
| maltol | 29.1 a ± 2.0 | 25.5 a ± 5.2 | 22.9 a ± 2.2 | 25.2 a ± 7.6 | 31.7 a ± 10.8 | 23.4 a ± 6.8 | 19.5 a ± 5.9 |
| 5-hydroxymethylfurfural | 4.4 a ± 0.1 | 47.0 b ± 5.5 | 47.0 b ± 4.8 | 44.4 b ± 3.0 | 7.8 a ± 0.8 | 7.3 a ± 0.9 | 8.5 a ± 0.6 |
| Acids | |||||||
| butyric acid | 226.9 a ± 5.7 | 385.6 a ± 242.7 | 272.9 a ± 112.0 | 231.4 a ± 159.2 | 221.9 a ± 6.7 | 317.2 a ± 196.2 | 234.4 a ± 44.0 |
| hexanoic acid | 5847.9 a ± 300.0 | 5544.9 a ± 276.8 | 5443.1 a ± 277.0 | 5176.0 a ± 180.5 | 5114.5 a ± 1064.0 | 5617.3 a ± 198.6 | 5004.1 a ± 945.3 |
| octanoic acid | 4516.3 a ± 155.4 | 4339.8 a ± 1649.4 | 3073.2 a ± 1210.7 | 3191.2 a ± 1121.1 | 4956.1 a ± 782.6 | 4409.9 a ± 1288.5 | 4984.3 a ± 1361.7 |
| decanoic acid | 745.1 b ± 13.7 | 496.7 a,b ± 36.5 | 464.2 a,b ± 82.5 | 379.5 a ± 128.4 | 747.3 b ± 193.2 | 538.2 a,b ± 148.5 | 637.4 a,b ± 82.2 |
| methyl propanoic acid | 4.3 a ± 0.1 | 5.0 a ± 4.1 | 2.6 a ± 1.0 | 2.7 a ± 0.6 | 3.1 a ± 0.3 | 3.3 a ± 0.6 | 4.2 a ± 0.9 |
| Sulfur compounds | |||||||
| 2-mercaptoethanol | 1.7 c ± 0.3 | 1.2 b ± 0.3 | 1.1 b ± 0.1 | 0.9 a,b ± 0.1 | 0.6 a ± 0.1 | 0.9 a,b ± 0.1 | 0.9 a,b ± 0.1 |
| 2-methyl-dihydro-thiophen-3-one | 100.0 b ±5.6 | 43.3 a ± 2.3 | 43.7 a ± 5.0 | 46.9 a ± 1.8 | 44.1 a ± 4.1 | 46.8 a ± 4.8 | 45.8 a ± 11.9 |
| ethyl 3-methylthiopropanoate | 0.7 b ± 0.0 | 0.9 c ± 0.0 | 0.9 c ± 0.1 | 0.9 c ± 0.0 | 0.5 a ± 0.0 | 0.5 a ± 0.0 | 0.5 a ± 0.1 |
| methionol | 65.4 b ± 0.4 | 69.5 b ± 6.6 | 61.6 b ± 2.7 | 65.7 b ± 2.5 | 48.5 a ± 2.6 | 52.0 a ± 4.9 | 53.5 a ± 6.9 |
| 3-methylthiopropanoic acid | 7.5 b ± 2.4 | 2.5 a ± 0.5 | 2.4 a ± 0.2 | 2.5 a ± 0.2 | 1.8 a ± 0.1 | 2.3 a ± 1.2 | 2.9 a ± 0.5 |
a,b,c,d,e Different letters in the same row mean significant differences (α = 0.05) according to the test of Student–Newman–Keuls. nd: not detected.