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. 2020 Dec 30;22(1):294. doi: 10.3390/ijms22010294

Table 1.

Inhibitors of the HO system. General description of first-, second-generation, and novel HO inhibitors.

HO System Inhibitors Name Inhibitors Characteristics References
First generation inhibitors Metallo-protoporphyrins: Sn-, Zn-, Mn-

  • Competitive inhibitors

  • Non-selective isoforms

  • Present photo-reactiveness

 [23,33,38,51,52,53]
Metallo- mesoporphyrins: Cr- and Mn-

  • Less or non-photo-reactiveness
Second generation inhibitors Azalanstat-derived imidazole-dioxolane compounds

  • Non-competitive inhibitors

  • Non-selective isoforms

 [38,54,55]
Imidazole-derived antifungal agents: ketoconazole, terconazole, and sulconazole

  • More selectiveness against HO-1 isoform.

 [51,56,57]
Clemizole and derive compounds

  • First HO-2 isoform selective inhibitor

 [58,59]
Small molecules inhibiting microbial HO Small antimicrobial molecules against heme oxygenase (HemO) expressed by microbes.

  • Selective inhibition of putative HemO express by microbes.

 [48,60,61,62,63,64,65,66]