Table 3.
Outcomes of self-reported and performance-based physical function from baseline to postoperative three months: within-group analyses.
| Intervention Group (n = 16) | Control Group (n = 16) | ||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| RM-ANOVA | 95% CI | RM-ANOVA | 95% CI | ||||||||
| Variables | Time | Mean (SD) | p-Value | a vs. b | a vs. c | b vs. c | Mean (SD) | p-Value | a vs. b | a vs. c | b vs. c |
| Koval’s grade |
a. Baseline | 7.00 ± 0.00 | <0.001 | 1.11– 2.89 |
4.94– 5.69 |
2.54– 4.08 |
6.94 ± 0.25 | <0.001 | 0.99– 1.76 |
2.92– 4.83 |
1.65– 3.35 |
| b. POD 3 wks | 5.00 ± 1.67 | 5.56 ± 0.63 | |||||||||
| c. POD 3 mos | 1.69 ± 0.70 | 3.06 ± 1.69 | |||||||||
| FAC | a. Baseline | 0.00 ± 0.00 | <0.001 | −4.17– −3.70 |
−4.64– −4.11 |
−0.71– −0.16 |
0.06 ± 0.25 | <0.001 | −3.43– −2.44 |
−4.06– −3.31 |
−1.16– −0.34 |
| b. POD 3 wks | 3.94 ± 0.44 | 3.00 ± 0.82 | |||||||||
| c. POD 3 mos | 4.37 ± 0.50 | 3.75 ± 0.68 | |||||||||
| FIM-locomotion | a. Baseline | 1.00 ± 0.00 | <0.001 | −5.31– −4.94 |
−5.71– −5.16 |
−0.57– −0.06 |
1.07 ± 0.26 | <0.001 | −4.66– −3.46 |
−5.21– −4.13 |
−1.37– −0.30 |
| b. POD 3 wks | 6.13 ± 0.34 | 5.20 ± 0.94 | |||||||||
| c. POD 3 mos | 6.44 ± 0.51 | 5.73 ± 0.96 | |||||||||
| MRMI | a. Baseline | 17.88 ± 5.39 | <0.001 | −16.87– −14.26 |
−21.14– −16.24 |
−6.72– −0.47 |
16.80 ± 4.62 | <0.001 | −18.31– −19.94 |
−19.94–−14.06 | −2.81– −0.54 |
| b. POD 3 wks | 33.44 ± 7.67 | 32.67 ± 3.13 | |||||||||
| c. POD 3 mos | 36.56 ± 2.61 | 33.80 ± 3.78 | |||||||||
| BBS | a. Baseline | 27.37 ± 10.03 | <0.001 | −20.52– −10.85 |
−25.30– −14.32 |
−5.82– −2.43 |
20.67 ± 13.34 | <0.001 | −22.55– −13.07 |
−26.72– −14.48 |
−5.68– 1.54 |
| b. POD 3 wks | 43.06 ± 5.58 | 39.20 ± 8.62 | |||||||||
| c. POD 3 mos | 47.19 ± 5.70 | 41.27 ± 10.38 | |||||||||
| 4MWT (sec) | a. Baseline | 24.90 ± 7.80 | <0.001 | 12.54– 21.44 |
14.58– 22.95 |
0.98– 2.70 |
26.83 ± 13.96 | <0.001 | 8.10– 22.27 |
7.87– 24.61 |
−1.12– 1.72 |
| b. POD 3 wks | 7.91 ± 1.68 | 10.67 ± 7.61 | |||||||||
| c. POD 3 mos | 6.13 ± 1.89 | 10.59 ± 9.72 | |||||||||
| K-MMSE | a. Baseline | 19.38 ± 5.54 | <0.001 | −4.08– −1.55 |
−4.98– −2.01 |
−1.94– −0.57 |
16.64 ± 5.15 | <0.001 | −4.45– −0.88 |
−5.82– −1.32 |
−2.59– −1.01 |
| b. POD 3 wks | 22.19 ± 4.36 | 19.43 ± 4.93 | |||||||||
| c. POD 3 mos | 22.88 ± 4.40 | 20.21 ± 5.52 | |||||||||
| EQ-5D | a. Baseline | 0.42 ± 0.01 | <0.001 | −0.31– −0.28 |
−0.38– −0.32 |
−0.81– −0.03 |
0.39 ± 0.05 | <0.001 | −0.35– −0.28 |
−0.37– −0.31 |
−0.07– −0.02 |
| b. POD 3 wks | 0.71 ± 0.34 | 0.70 ± 0.05 | |||||||||
| c. POD 3 mos | 0.77 ± 0.06 | 0.73 ± 0.05 | |||||||||
| K-MBI | a. Baseline | 41.50 ± 4.14 | <0.001 | −45.72– −39.28 |
−55.79– −51.21 |
−15.36 –−8.04 |
38.33 ± 10.17 | <0.001 | −41.28– −31.35 |
−50.00– −38.00 |
−12.41 –−1.19 |
| b. POD 3 wks | 83.30 ± 7.53 | 75.53 ± 9.23 | |||||||||
| c. POD 3 mos | 95.00 ± 3.86 | 82.33 ± 14.51 | |||||||||
Values represent mean ± standard deviation. Abbreviations: POD, postoperative day; wks, weeks; mos, months; RM-ANOVA, repeated measured analysis of variance; FAC, Functional Ambulatory Category; FIM, Functional Independence Measure; MRMI, Modified Rivermead Mobility Index; BBS, Berg Balance Scale; 4MWT, 4 m walking speed test; K-MMSE, Korean Mini-Mental State Examination; EQ-5D, EuroQol five dimensions; K-MBI, Korean version of Modified Barthel Index.