Table 4.
Comparisons of outcomes between the intervention group and the control group from baseline to postoperative three months.
| Variables | Time | Mean Difference | 95% CI | p-Value | Bonferroni Correction (p-Value) |
|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Lower | Upper | |||||
| Koval’s grade | a. Baseline | 0.063 | −0.065 | 0.190 | 1 | 1 |
| b. POD 3 weeks | −0.563 | −1.475 | 0.350 | 0.555 | 1 | |
| c. POD 3 months | −1.375 | −2.311 | −0.419 | 0.006 | 0.018 | |
| FAC | a. Baseline | −0.063 | −0.196 | 0.071 | 1 | 1 |
| b. POD 3 weeks | 0.232 | 0.463 | 1.412 | 0.001 | 0.003 | |
| c. POD 3 months | 0.625 | 0.193 | 1.057 | 0.007 | 0.021 | |
| FIM-locomotion | a. Baseline | −0.063 | −0.190 | 0.065 | 1 | 1 |
| b. POD 3 weeks | 1 | 0.481 | 1.519 | <0.001 | <0.001 | |
| c. POD 3 months | 0.704 | 0.144 | 1.265 | 0.015 | 0.045 | |
| MRMI | a. Baseline | 1.125 | −2.448 | 4.698 | 0.859 | 1 |
| b. POD 3 weeks | 1.063 | −3.276 | 5.401 | 0.594 | 1 | |
| c. POD 3 months | 2.763 | 0.389 | 5.136 | 0.020 | 0.060 | |
| BBS | a. Baseline | 5.875 | −2.663 | 14.413 | 0.174 | 0.522 |
| b. POD 3 weeks | 3.75 | −1.373 | 8.873 | 0.180 | 0.540 | |
| c. POD 3 months | 5.921 | −0.384 | 12.225 | 0.112 | 0.336 | |
| 4MWT (sec) | a. Baseline | −0.822 | −1.373 | 8.873 | 0.674 | 1 |
| b. POD 3 weeks | −1.591 | −4.676 | 1.494 | 0.462 | 1 | |
| c. POD 3 months | −3.167 | −7.123 | 0.790 | 0.030 | 0.090 | |
| K-MMSE | a. Baseline | −2.908 | −0.980 | 6.797 | 0.165 | 0.495 |
| b. POD 3 weeks | 3.054 | −0.340 | 6.448 | 0.094 | 0.282 | |
| c. POD 3 months | 2.661 | −1.050 | 6.372 | 0.188 | 0.564 | |
| EQ-5D | a. Baseline | 0.031 | 0.003 | 0.058 | 0.208 | 0.624 |
| b. POD 3 weeks | 0.009 | −0.023 | 0.041 | 0.545 | 1 | |
| c. POD 3 months | 0.037 | −0.004 | 0.081 | 0.094 | 0.282 | |
| K-MBI | a. Baseline | 2.375 | −3.149 | 7.899 | 0.569 | 1 |
| b. POD 3 weeks | 8.563 | 2.567 | 14.558 | 0.010 | 0.030 | |
| c. POD 3 months | 12.667 | 4.345 | 20.988 | 0.002 | 0.006 | |
Abbreviations: POD, postoperative day; wks, weeks; mos, months; FAC, Functional Ambulatory Category; FIM, Functional Independence Measure; MRMI, Modified Rivermead Mobility Index; BBS, Berg Balance Scale; 4MWT, 4 m walking speed test; K-MMSE, Korean Mini-Mental State Examination; EQ-5D, EuroQol five dimensions; K-MBI, Korean version of Modified Barthel Index.