Figure - PMC

Skip to main content

An official website of the United States government

Here's how you know

Here's how you know

Official websites use .gov
A .gov website belongs to an official government organization in the United States.

Secure .gov websites use HTTPS
A lock ( ) or https:// means you've safely connected to the .gov website. Share sensitive information only on official, secure websites.

View full-text article in PMC

. 2021 Jan 2;22(1):415. doi: 10.3390/ijms22010415

Search in PMC
Search in PubMed
View in NLM Catalog
Add to search

© 2021 by the authors.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

PMC Copyright notice

The interplay of GH, IGF-1, insulin, hybrid receptor and nutrients in the muscle. Schematic and simplified signalling pathway and the interplay of GH, IGF-1, insulin, hybrid receptor and nutrients in the muscle. AA (amino-acid) stimulates mTOR kinase activity mainly in 3 ways: (1) The leucine sensor Sestrin, (2) the lysosomal sensor SLC38A9, (3) The arginine sensor [cellular arginine sensor for mTORC1 (CASTOR1)]. GH activates via IRIS and SHC protein and mitogenic effects as well as IGF-1R/InsulinR and HybridR. GH also stimulates via JAK/STAT local muscular IGF-1 secretion. In addition, the metabolic effects of GH impact on muscle anabolism. The main metabolic action of GH is a lipolytic action on adipose tissue, releasing free fatty acids (FFA), which favours protein preservation, as well as liver and kidney-enhanced gluconeogenesis.