Table 1.
Baseline clinical and biochemical characteristics according to the coronary artery calcification (CAC) score progression in the final cohort (n = 1145).
| Total | Non-Progressor | Progressor | p | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| n (%) | 1145 | 852 (74.4) | 293 (25.6) | |
| Age (years) | 54.2 ± 7.6 | 53.5 ± 7.2 | 56.3 ± 8.1 | <0.001 |
| Sex (male, %) | 81.7 | 78.2 | 91.8 | <0.001 |
| Body mass index (kg/m2) | 25.0 ± 3.0 | 24.8 ± 3.1 | 25.5 ± 2.6 | 0.002 |
| Waist circumference (cm) | 87.1 ± 8.3 | 86.5 ± 8.4 | 89.2 ± 7.4 | <0.001 |
| Systolic BP (mmHg) | 119.0 ± 12.6 | 118.0 ± 12.1 | 121.8 ± 13.4 | <0.001 |
| Diastolic BP (mmHg) | 76.2 ± 10.4 | 75.6 ± 10.2 | 78.0 ± 10.9 | 0.001 |
| Current smoker (%) | 27.4 | 25.2 | 33.8 | 0.006 |
| Moderate drinker (%) | 52.1 | 50.2 | 57.3 | 0.042 |
| Physically active (%) | 44.3 | 42.7 | 48.8 | 0.076 |
| Family history of diabetes (%) | 24.4 | 23.9 | 25.6 | 0.581 |
| Diabetes (%) | 13.5 | 11.5 | 19.5 | 0.001 |
| Hypertension (%) | 33.0 | 28.8 | 45.4 | <0.001 |
| FPG (mg/dL) | 104.9 ± 19.1 | 103.9 ± 18.7 | 108.0 ± 19.9 | 0.002 |
| HbA1c (%) | 5.7 ± 0.7 | 5.6 ± 0.7 | 5.8 ± 0.9 | 0.002 |
| HbA1c (mmol/mol) | 38.3 ± 8.2 | 37.9 ± 7.7 | 39.6 ± 9.3 | 0.002 |
| Total cholesterol (mg/dL) | 197.8 ± 32.6 | 198.2 ± 32.3 | 196.4 ± 33.5 | 0.410 |
| TG (mg/dL) | 133.3 ± 77.3 | 131.4 ± 76.8 | 138.9 ± 78.6 | 0.154 |
| LDL-C (mg/dL) | 125.3 ± 28.9 | 125.3 ± 28.8 | 125.3 ± 29.2 | 0.980 |
| HDL-C (mg/dL) | 51.6 ± 13.2 | 52.2 ± 13.7 | 49.9 ± 11.5 | 0.004 |
| Uric acid (mg/dL) | 5.8 ± 1.4 | 5.7 ± 1.4 | 6.0 ± 1.3 | 0.001 |
| AST (U/L) | 25 (21–31) | 25 (21–31) | 27 (23–34) | 0.001 |
| ALT (U/L) | 23 (17–32) | 22 (17–31) | 24 (19–35) | 0.001 |
| GGT (U/L) | 25 (16–40) | 24 (16–38) | 30 (20–44) | <0.001 |
| hsCRP (mg/L) | 0.6 (0.3–1.3) | 0.6 (0.3–1.3) | 0.7 (0.4–1.4) | 0.079 |
| HOMA-IR | 2.1 ± 1.5 | 2.1 ± 1.5 | 2.3 ± 1.5 | 0.116 |
| TyG index | 8.7 ± 0.6 | 8.7 ± 0.6 | 8.8 ± 0.5 | 0.005 |
| TyG-BMI | 218.3 ± 33.4 | 216.2 ± 34.6 | 224.2 ± 29.0 | <0.001 |
| TyG-WC | 760.5 ± 99.4 | 752.3 ± 101.4 | 784.2 ± 89.1 | <0.001 |
| Baseline CAC score | 0 (0–22) | 0 (0–10) | 12 (0–99) | <0.001 |
| Last follow-up CAC score | 1 (0–50) | 0 (0–16) | 66 (10–248) | <0.001 |
| Baseline CAC score category | <0.001 | |||
| 0 (%) | 57.2 | 65.1 | 35.5 | |
| >0 (%) | 42.8 | 34.9 | 64.5 | |
| Follow-up interval (years) | 3.0 (2.1–3.9) | 2.9 (2.0–3.8) | 3.1 (2.5–4.0) | <0.001 |
BP, blood pressure; FPG, fasting plasma glucose; HbA1c, hemoglobin A1c; TG, triglyceride; LDL-C, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; HDL-C, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; AST, aspartate aminotransferase; ALT, alanine aminotransferase; GGT, gamma-glutamyl transferase; hsCRP, high-sensitivity C-reactive protein; CAC, coronary artery calcification. p-value shows comparison between non-progressor and progressor groups. Continuous variables with normal distributions are expressed as the mean ± standard deviation, whereas continuous variables with skewed distributions are expressed as the median (and interquartile range). Categorical variables are expressed as the percentage. The characteristics were compared using Student’s t-test for normally distributed continuous variables or Mann–Whitney U test for continuous variables not normally distributed, and the chi-squared test for categorical variables.