Table 2.
Properties of various graphene-based staple and filament yarn strain sensors.
| Main Materials | Substrate | Fabrication Method |
GF | Sensing Range (%) | Stability (Cycle) |
Response Time (ms) | Application | Other Advantages |
References |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Graphene/PVA | Graphene fiber | CVD/coating | ~5.02 (1–6.3% strain) |
Up to 16 | 200 (6% strain) |
- | - | - | [54] |
| Carbon/graphene | Carbon/graphene composites nanofiber yarn | Electrospinning | >1700 (2% strain) |
- | 300 (2% strain) |
- | Detect sound waves and tiny muscle movements | - | [51] |
| GO/ polyacrylonitrile |
GO-doped polyacrylonitrile nanofiber yarn | Electrospinning | 68 (0–20% strain) |
0–100 | >2000 (40% strain) |
- | Monitor finger and neck movement | Can be woven into electronic fabric | [52] |
| GNPs/CB | Natural fiber yarn including flax and flax-bleached | Dip-coating | 5.62 (4% strain) |
Up to 60 | >1000 (8% strain) |
<209 | Monitor various human movements | - | [58] |
| GNPs/CB/ conductive ink |
Wool yarn | Dip-coating | 5 (0–127% strain) 7.75 (127–200% strain) | Up to 200 | 1100 (75% strain) |
~172 | Detect various human movements | - | [59] |
| RGO | A double-covered yarn (PU core fiber and polyester fibers) | Dip-coating | 10 (<1% strain) 3.7 (<50% strain) |
Up to 100 | 10,000 (30% and 50% strain) |
<100 | Monitor a wide variety of human activities and complex robot movements | - | [65] |
| RGO | A double-covered yarn(~650 μm in diameter) | Dip-coating | 8.8 (5% strain) 5.4 (10% strain) 1.6 (100% strain) |
0–105 | 2000 (50% strain) |
- | Monitor full-scale human motions | - | [66] |
| RGO | PU yarn | Dip-coating | 50 (<50% strain) ~132 (90% strain) |
0–90 | 30,000 (50% strain) |
- | Monitor various human motions | Can be integrated into fabric structure | [68] |
| Graphene | Nylon filament | Dip-coating | 0.08 (<12% strain) 0.07 (12–33% strain) 0.22 (33–45.69% strain) |
Up to 45.69 | 2800 (40% strain) |
- | Monitor human breathing and joint movement | - | [70] |
| Graphene/PVA | PU yarn | LbL | ~87 | - | 100 (50% strain) |
- | - | Thermal stability (within the range of 25–310 °C) | [60] |
| GMs/ Ag-nanoparticles |
PU yarn | LbL | ~500 (50% strain) |
0–50 | 2000 (50% strain) |
- | Monitor of human motions | Can be directly woven into textiles | [61] |
| GNSs/Au/ GNSs/PU |
PU yarn | LbL | ~662 (0–50% strain) |
0–75 | 10,000 (50% strain) |
- | Monitoring various human motions and control a hand robot | Waterproof property | [63] |
| GNP | RY | LbL | ~1800 | Up to 100 | 10 (80% strain) | - | Detect small-scale motions | - | [62] |
| GNP | NCRY | LbL | 1.4 | Up to 150 | 10 (100% strain) | - | Detect large-scale motion | - | [62] |
| GNP | WY | LbL | −0.1 | Up to 50 | 10 (40% strain) | - | - | - | [62] |