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. 2020 Dec 31;22(1):374. doi: 10.3390/ijms22010374

Table 2.

Dietary components and microbiota metabolites that are AhR ligands.

Dietary Components Microbiota Metabolites That Are AhR Ligands References
Tryptophan Indole, tryptamine, indoleethanol (IE), indolepropionic acid (IPA), indolelactic acid (ILA), indoleacetic acid (IAA), 3-methylindole (skatole), indolealdehyde (IAld), and indoleacrylic acid (IA) [46,49,55]
Indirubin [59]
1,4-Dihydroxy-2-naphthoic acid (DHNA) [60]
Quercetin glycosides 3,4-Dihydroxyphenylacetic acid (DOPAC) [61]
Ellagic acid and ellagitannins Urolithin A [62]