Table 3.
Technologies, measures of physical activity (PA) and intervention description.
| Study | Used Technology | Objective PA Measures | Intervention Description |
|---|---|---|---|
| mTechs during Home-Based CR vs. Outpatient CR | |||
| Avila et al. [13] | heart rate monitor (Garmin Forerunner 210 watch, Garmin International Inc., Olathe, KS, USA); web application (Garmin Connect, Garmin International Inc., Olathe, KS, USA)) | heart rate; steps; PA levels; sedentary time; active energy expenditure | feedback via phone or email once a week according to patient’s preferences; individualized aerobic exercise prescription at an individually determined target heart rate corresponding to a moderate intensity |
| Kraal et al. [20] | heart rate monitor (Garmin FR70 chest strap, Garmin International Inc., Olathe, KS, USA); web application (Garmin Connect, Garmin International Inc., Olathe, KS, USA); PA monitor worn at hip (ActiGraph wGT3X+, ActigraphCorp, Pensacalo, FL, USA) | heart rate; PA level; energy expenditure | feedback via telephone once a week by the physical therapist regarding training frequency, duration, intensity, motivation, and self-management-skills |
| Maddison et al. [21] | chest-worn wearable sensor (BioHarness 3, Zephyr Technology, Annapolis, ML, USA); custom smartphone app and web application; uniaxial accelerometer worn at waist (GT1M ActiGraph, ActigraphCorp, Pensacalo, FL, USA) | heart rate; single lead ECG; PA levels: light, moderate and vigorous activity durations; respiratory rate | physiological and geopositional data displayed in app; real-time audio coaching, feedback, and social support throughout exercise monitoring; encouragement to be active ≥ 5 days per week; individualized and progressive exercise prescriptions |
| Outpatient CR with mTechs vs. outpatient CR without mTechs | |||
| Rosario et al. [31] | STAHR (smartphone technology and heart rehabilitation) app; blood pressure monitor and weight scale, both NFC-enabled (A&D Medical, San Jose, CA, USA); own algorithm to estimate patient’s PA throughout the day | activity level (identifying walking on a level surface, walking upstairs, walking downstairs, standing, sitting, lying, movements between two stationary points) | automated feedback: daily messages based on the amount of PA performed; messages twice a week based on conditions for blood pressure, weight, questionnaire, and activity |
| Vogel et al. [32] | wrist worn activity tracker (tri-axial accelerometer, Polar Loop, Polar Electro Oy, Kempele, Finnland); web service (Polar Flow, Polar Electro Oy, Kempele, Finnland) | steps; energy expenditure; PA levels: intensity and duration | usage of smart wearables for self-monitoring PA and goal setting; questions whether problems occurred |
| Outpatient CR followed by home-based CR with mTechs vs. outpatient CR without further formal CR | |||
| Avila et al. [13] | See above. | ||
| Duscha et al. [14] | PA tracker (Fitbit Charge, Fitbit Inc., San Francisco, CA, USA) integrated into Vida’s mHealth platform: mobile technology to provide healthcare coaching (Vida Health, San Francisco, CA, USA) | PA levels; steps/day; minutes/day of exercise; distance/day in miles and floors/day | coaches called patients 1–2 times per week for 30–60 min; educational material via email; text messages to remind patients to practice healthy lifestyle habits; frequency and content of text messages not automated, but individualized |
| Fang et al. [33] | belt strap with sensor (Ucare RG10, Micro Sensor Co., Shaanxi, China); smartphone app; web portal | heart rate; real-time ECG; activity level; energy consumption; exercise time |
physiological monitoring for outdoor walking and jogging; rapid feedback by clinician; weekly telephone call; paper-based and self-study booklet |
| Frederix et al. [15] | System to provide automated feedback via email or SMS; motion sensor (Yorbody accelerometer, Yorbody, Puurs-Sint-Amand, Belgium); webservice | activity data during exercise sessions; daily number of aerobic steps (≥60 steps/min), regular steps (<60 steps/min), and total steps | weekly personalized automated feedback on PA via email or SMS; program was designed to encourage the patient to increase his/her daily amount of steps with 10% each week from baseline |
| Frederix et al. [16] | semiautomatic telecoaching system to provide feedbacks via email or SMS; motion sensor (Yorbody accelerometer, Yorbody, Puurs-Sint-Amand, Belgium); webservice |
low intensity steps/day; high intensity steps/day | weekly feedback via email or SMS for encouraging to gradually achieve predefined exercise training goals; tailored dietary and smoking cessation recommendations; content of feedback messages changes over time based on how well the patients changed their prior lifestyle behavior |
| Piotrowicz et al. [12] | remote ECG device for telemonitored and telesupervised exercise training (Pro Plus Company, Warsaw, Poland); mobile phone | ECG; (heart rate used to adjust workload) | individual training sessions for each patient (defined exercise duration, breaks, and timing of ECG recording); telephone contact for psychological support |
| Piotrowicz et al. [30] | remote ECG device for telemonitored and telesupervised exercise training (Pro Plus Company, Warsaw, Poland); mobile phone for data transmission; web-based monitoring platform; blood pressure device; body-weight scale | ECG; (heart rate used to adjust workload) | individually preprogrammed training sessions for each patient (exercise duration, breaks, and timing of ECG recording); heart rate and patient’s perceived exertion used to adjust workload; telephone contact for psychological support |
| Skobel et al. [17] | own wearable sensor attached to special shirt; smartphone app; web application | heart rate; single lead ECG; activity level; respiratory rate | messages to inform about the exercise plan prescribed by the doctor; feedback on exercise sessions;tips about health and lifestyle |
| Snoek et al. [19] | Bluetooth-connected heart rate chest strap (Zephyr, Zephyr Technology, Annapolis, ML, USA): smartphone (Samsung Galaxy Ace, Samsung, Seoul, South Korea); web application | heart rate; training mode, time and intensity (determined by heart rate) | patients were contacted weekly by telephone for supportive guidance in the first month, every other week in the second month, and from then on monthly until six months; PA data discussed by using motivational interviewing; patients in CG also contacted via telephone monthly |
| Vogel et al. [32] | See above. | ||