Table 2.
Characteristics of Study Sample by Moderate-to-high Posttraumatic Growth.
| Moderate-to-High Posttraumatic Growth | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Overall | Yes | No | p-Value | |
| (N = 4934) | (N = 1691) | (N = 3243) | ||
| Demographics | ||||
| Age at 9/11 (year) | 43.0 (35.0, 49.0) | 44.0 (37.0, 51.0) | 42.0 (34.0, 49.0) | <0.001 |
| Gender | <0.001 | |||
| Male | 3227 (65%) | 1017 (60%) | 2210 (68%) | |
| Female | 1707 (35%) | 674 (40%) | 1033 (32%) | |
| Race/Ethnicity | <0.001 | |||
| White Non-Hispanic | 3922 (79%) | 1207 (71%) | 2715 (84%) | |
| Black or African American | 322 (7%) | 201 (12%) | 121 (4%) | |
| Hispanic or Latino (any race) | 407 (8%) | 197 (12%) | 210 (6%) | |
| Asian (includes Native Hawaiian/Pacific) Islander | 161 (3%) | 52 (3%) | 109 (3%) | |
| Multiracial/Other | 122 (2%) | 34 (2%) | 88 (3%) | |
| Education | <0.001 | |||
| Less than high school | 41 (1%) | 11 (1%) | 30 (1%) | |
| High school only | 761 (15%) | 306 (18%) | 455 (14%) | |
| Some college | 1272 (26%) | 522 (31%) | 750 (23%) | |
| At least a Bachelor’s | 2860 (58%) | 852 (50%) | 2008 (62%) | |
| Marital Status | 0.09 | |||
| Married or living with partner | 3449 (70%) | 1177 (70%) | 2272 (70%) | |
| Divorced or separated | 476 (10%) | 171 (10%) | 305 (9%) | |
| Widowed | 65 (1%) | 31 (2%) | 34 (1%) | |
| Never married | 944 (19%) | 312 (18%) | 632 (19%) | |
| Income | <0.001 | |||
| Less than USD 50,000 | 852 (19%) | 335 (22%) | 517 (17%) | |
| USD 50,000+ | 3665 (81%) | 1214 (78%) | 2451 (83%) | |
| Indicators of psychosocial well-being | ||||
| Self-Efficacy | 16.0 (15.0, 19.0) | 17.0 (15.0, 20.0) | 16.0 (15.0, 19.0) | <0.001 |
| Social Support W3 | 15.0 (11.0, 20.0) | 16.0 (12.0, 20.0) | 15.0 (11.0, 19.0) | <0.001 |
| Social Integration W2 | <0.001 | |||
| Low/medium | 2497 (51%) | 707 (42%) | 1790 (55%) | |
| High | 2437 (49%) | 984 (58%) | 1453 (45%) | |
| PTSS | ||||
| PTSD W1 | 26.0 (20.0, 36.0) | 27.0 (21.0, 38.0) | 25.0 (20.0, 36.0) | <0.001 |
| PTSD W2 | 28.0 (21.0, 40.0) | 28.0 (21.0, 40.0) | 27.0 (21.0, 39.0) | 0.21 |
| PTSD W3 | 27.0 (20.0, 38.0) | 27.0 (20.0, 38.0) | 27.0 (20.0, 38.0) | 0.62 |
| PTSD W4 | 25.0 (19.0, 35.0) | 24.0 (19.0, 34.0) | 25.0 (19.0, 36.0) | 0.04 |
| Direct 9/11-related Exposure | ||||
| 9/11 Exposure Scale | <0.001 | |||
| None/Low | 1057 (21%) | 325 (19%) | 732 (23%) | |
| Medium | 1728 (35%) | 557 (33%) | 1171 (36%) | |
| High | 1233 (25%) | 450 (27%) | 783 (24%) | |
| Very High | 916 (19%) | 359 (21%) | 557 (17%) | |
Note: Values expressed as N (%) or median (25th, 75th percentiles); p-value comparisons across groups for categorical variables are based on chi-square test of homogeneity; p-values for continuous variables are based on ANOVA or Kruskal-Wallis test for median. PTSS = post-traumatic stress symptoms; PTSD = post-traumatic stress disorder.