Table 3.

Fiber-optic cantilevered scanners developed for endomicroscopy.

Actuation Principle	Imaging Modality	Scanning Direction	Resolution	FOV	Frequency	Driving Voltage	Frame Rate	Scanner Dimensions	Scanning Pattern	Cantilever Fiber	Refs.
Piezoelectric bimorph	Multiphoton	Forward	0.8 µm (lateral), 10 µm (axial)	110 µm × 110 µm	1.05 kHz (fast axis), 4.1 Hz	50 Vpp (resonant bimorph) 200 Vpp (non-resonant)	4.1 fps (512 × 512 pixels)	3 mm (diameter) 40 mm (rigid length)	Raster scan	DCF	[105]
Piezoelectric tube	Two-photon	Forward	0.61 µm ÷ 1.10 µm (from center of FOV to peripheric zone)	160 µm	3.1 kHz	48 Vpp	6 fps	~2 mm (diameter)	Spiral	DCF with GRIN lens	[156]
Piezoelectric tube	Two-Photon	Forward	10 µm	70°	5 kHz	25 V	15 fps	1.6 mm (diameter)	Spiral	SMF	[16]
Piezoelectric thin film	E-OCT	Side-view	5 µm (axial)	152°	394 Hz	1.3 Vpp	-	3.4 mm × 2.5 mm	radial	-	[157]
Electrothermal	Confocal endomicroscope	Forward	~1.7 µm	378 µm × 439 µm	239 Hz (x-axis) 207 Hz (y-axis)	16 Vpp	1 fps	1.65 mm (diameter) 28 mm (rigid length)	Lissajous	SMF	[65]
Electrothermal	OCT (A-scan)	Forward	~17 µm (lateral) ~9 µm (axial)	~3 mm (beam scanning)	~100 Hz	3 Vac_pp, 1.5 V DC offset	200 fps	5.5 mm (diameter) 55 mm (rigid length)	raster	-	[96]
Electromagnetic	OCT (B-scan)	Forward	4–6 µm (axial) 25–35 µm (lateral)	2 mm	5 Hz	±10 V (triangle wave)	-	0.51 mm (diameter)	Linear	SMF	[132]
Micromotor	PA and US endoscopy	Side-view	~58 µm (PA radial) ~30 µm (US radial) ~100 µm (PA transvers) ~120 µm (US transverse)	~310°	~4 Hz	~3.2V DC	4 fps	2.5 mm (diameter) ~35 mm (Rigid length)	Radial	MMF	[40]
Electromagnetic	Confocal	Forward	0.8 µm (lateral)	390 µm × 390 µm	700 Hz (fast scan) 1–2 Hz (slow scan)	-	1 fps	8 mm (diameter)	Raster	SMF	[158]
Cellvizio	Confocal	Forward	5–15 µm (axial) 2–5 µm (lateral)	600 µm × 500 µm	-	-	12 fps	2.5 mm	-	-	[33]