Table 3.

Research question 3 (RQ3) about gender and ethics, type of study, and outcomes.

Authors	Goals	Keywords	Type of Study	Main Outcomes
Whitby (2008) [33]	To make ethical recommendations for designers	Robot ethics, abusive interaction, ethical design	Essay	Reflections on the sexual-affective effects of uses of sex robots were found. Robots that behave similarly as humans do are precisely the sort of robots most likely to be abused.
Chatterjee (2020) [34]	To explore the debate on whether child sex dolls and robots could and should be caught by the child protection framework	Child sex dolls, child sex robots, criminalization	Essay	New crimes under the Sexual Offences Act 2003 (SOA) were proposed.
Brown et al. (2019) [35]	To analyze the risk and possible negative impacts of the use of child sex dolls	Child sex dolls, crime, criminal justice	Review	Interaction with child sex dolls could increase the likelihood of child sexual abuse and normalize the behavior in the abuser’s mind.
Ángel (2016) [36]	To explore the risks of the hybridization process and simulations	Feminism, gender violence, media, biotechnology, simulations	Analysis	It is essential to incorporate the gender perspective into the technological impact.
Yulianto (2019) [37]	To study the ethical issues and legal regulations of sex robots	Transhumanism, human enhancement, posthuman	Essay	Human-nature ethics, such as deontological or consequentialist ethics, are not suitable for machine morality.
Connor (2015) [38]	To explore the objectification of women through sex dolls	Dolls, women, objectification	Essay	The doll brings together the histories of sexual desire and religion.
Mackenzie (2018) [5]	To debate on sex robots and their social interaction with humans	Sexbot, roboethics, robot law, and right	Review essay	The ethical limits and legal implications of customizable human-like robots must be addressed urgently.
Frank and Nyholm (2017) [39]	To explores the designing of humanoid robots	Sex robots, rape, artificial intelligence, consent, legal community	Review, discussion	The discussion on whether it is conceivable, possible, and desirable that humanoid robots should be designed such that they can consent to sex was explored.
Ess (2017) [40]	To explore love and sex between robots and humans	Social robot, sexuality, love, and sex	Philosophical dissertation, essay	Social robots lack substantial autonomy, genuine emotion, and self-awareness, thereby falling short of what is required by the complete experience of sex to establish experiences of mutual desire, love, and respect.
Brahnam and De Angeli (2012) [41]	To explore gender affordances of conversational agents	Sexuality and HCI, gender, agent abuse, embodied conversational agents, sex stereotypes	Test	The application of gender stereotypes in the interaction with chatterbots often leads to attitudes more dismissive toward women than men.
Danaher (2019) [42]	To debate on regulatory issues about child sexual robots	Legal regulation, child sexual robots, experimentation, restrictions	Essay	The restrictive approach to regulation is the wisest choice.
Headleand, Teahan, and Cenydd (2020) [43]	To explore ethical safeguards into sexual robots as well as artificial morality in robots/agents	Sexbots, artificial sexuality, artificial ethical agent, moral agency	Literature review	Commercializing sex with robots could reinforce existing gender inequalities and sexual objectification. No consensus on what is considered moral between cultures exists. Review also covers ethical boundaries and contributes to moral philosophy.
Fiske, Henningsen, and Buyx (2019) [44]	To explore ethical and social implications of translating embodied AI applications into mental health care	Artificial intelligence, robotics, ethics, psychiatry, psychology, psychotherapy, medicine	Literature review	New modes of treatment and opportunities were presented. A lack of guidance on the development of AI applications was found. Gaps in ethical and regulatory frameworks exists. Harm prevention and data ethics issues were covered.
Nordmo et al. (2020) [45]	To explore relationships and gender differences about platonic love robot or a sex robot	Robot, relationships, jealousy, gender differences, companionship, sex, artificial intelligence	Online study (vignette about a sexual robot)	Females have less positive views of robots, and especially of sex robots, compared to men. People project their feelings about robots onto their partner.