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. 2020 Dec 24;22(1):125. doi: 10.3390/ijms22010125

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© 2020 by the authors.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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Role of microbial metabolites in the epigenetic regulation in T1D. Gut microbiota synthesize most of the B vitamins (Niacin, Biotin, Riboflavin, Pantothenate) that show different epigenetic roles and can modulate the expression of T1D associated genes. The therapeutic effects of SCFAs (mainly pentanoate) on autoimmune disorders are mediated by Th 17, macrophages, and dendritic cells (DC) via lowering the expression of inflammatory genes including IL-6, IL-12, IL-17A, IL-21, Rorc (RAR-related orphan receptor C gene), Stat3 (Signal transducer and activator of transcription 3), nitric oxide (NO), lowering the immune response towards intestinal microbiota and enhancing the immune tolerance in the gut by T cell-independent IgA response. The figure was created using BioRender.com and Science slides software.