Table 1.
Comparison of clinical characteristics among participants according to total MMSE scores ≥24 or <24.
| Characteristics | All (n = 1054) |
MMSE ≥ 24 (n = 914) |
MMSE < 24 (n = 140) |
p |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age (year) | 64.0 ± 2.9 | 63.9 ± 2.9 | 64.6 ± 2.8 | 0.015 |
| Male gender (%) | 49.2 | 50.8 | 39.3 | 0.011 |
| Smoking history (%) | 24.8 | 25.5 | 20.0 | 0.161 |
| Alcohol history (%) | 5.7 | 5.8 | 5.0 | 0.704 |
| DM (%) | 11.5 | 11.4 | 12.1 | 0.792 |
| Hypertension (%) | 24.2 | 24.4 | 22.9 | 0.692 |
| Cerebrovascular disease (%) | 1.1 | 1.2 | 0.7 | 1.000 |
| Education (years) | 4.8 ± 1.2 | 5.0 ± 1.1 | 3.7 ± 1.3 | <0.001 |
| Living alone (%) | 9.2 | 9.4 | 7.9 | 0.554 |
| Having job (%) | 25.0 | 24.2 | 30.1 | 0.146 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 24.4 ± 3.0 | 24.3 ± 3.0 | 24.8 ± 3.1 | 0.093 |
| SBP (mmHg) | 126.1 ± 17.2 | 125.9 ± 17.1 | 127.7 ± 17.8 | 0.251 |
| DBP (mmHg) | 72.4 ± 10.6 | 72.5 ± 10.7 | 72.0 ± 10.4 | 0.617 |
| Laboratory parameters | ||||
| Fasting glucose (mg/dL) | 102.0 ± 22.4 | 101.6 ± 22.0 | 104.1 ± 24.6 | 0.229 |
| Triglyceride (mg/dL) | 100 (73–137) | 100 (73–136.25) | 106.5 (78–138.5) | 0.695 |
| Total cholesterol (mg/dL) | 201.1 ± 36.5 | 201.3 ± 36.9 | 199.9 ± 34.0 | 0.678 |
| Hemoglobin (g/dL) | 14.0 ± 1.4 | 14.1 ± 1.4 | 13.9 ± 1.3 | 0.383 |
| eGFR (mL/min/1.73 m2) | 88.5 ± 28.3 | 88.2 ± 28.3 | 90.6 ± 28.4 | 0.354 |
| Uric acid (mg/dL) | 5.7 ± 1.4 | 5.7 ± 1.4 | 5.7 ± 1.4 | 0.915 |
| Air pollutants | ||||
| PM2.5 (μg/m3) | 35.2 ± 11.5 | 35.0 ± 11.7 | 36.5 ± 10.3 | 0.158 |
| PM10 (μg/m3) | 62.9 ± 19.7 | 62.7 ± 19.9 | 64.1 ± 18.1 | 0.436 |
| O3 (ppb) | 30.9 ± 4.1 | 31.0 ± 4.1 | 30.1 ± 3.8 | 0.012 |
| CO (ppm) | 0.45 ± 0.21 | 0.45 ± 0.21 | 0.47 ± 0.20 | 0.278 |
| SO2 (ppb) | 3.5 ± 1.4 | 3.5 ± 1.4 | 3.7 ± 1.2 | 0.154 |
| NO (ppb) | 4.3 ± 4.4 | 4.3 ± 4.4 | 4.7 ± 4.5 | 0.351 |
| NO2 (ppb) | 14.6 ± 6.8 | 14.4 ± 6.9 | 15.5 ± 6.0 | 0.064 |
| NOx (ppb) | 18.9 ± 10.4 | 18.7 ± 10.5 | 20.1 ± 9.8 | 0.131 |
| MMSE | ||||
| G1 (Orientation) | 9.5 ± 0.8 | 9.6 ± 0.6 | 8.6 ± 1.3 | <0.001 |
| G2 (Registration) | 2.9 ± 0.4 | 2.9 ± 0.3 | 2.7 ± 0.6 | <0.001 |
| G3 (Attention and Calculation) | 3.7 ± 1.7 | 4.1 ± 1.5 | 1.4 ± 1.2 | <0.001 |
| G4 (Recall) | 2.2 ± 0.9 | 2.3 ± 0.8 | 1.3 ± 1.1 | <0.001 |
| G5 (Language, construction, and obey) | 8.4 ± 0.9 | 8.5 ± 0.7 | 7.3 ± 1.2 | <0.001 |
| MMSE total | 26.7 ± 2.8 | 27.5 ± 1.9 | 21.3 ± 1.8 | <0.001 |
Abbreviations. MMSE, mini-mental state examination; DM, diabetes mellitus; BMI, body mass index; SBP, systolic blood pressure; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate; PM2.5, particle with aerodynamic diameter of 2.5 μm or less; PM10, particle with aerodynamic diameter of 10 μm or less; O3, ozone; CO, carbon monoxide; SO2; sulfur dioxide; NO, nitric oxide; NO2, nitrogen dioxide; NOx, nitrogen oxide.