Table 2.

Breakout distance after the start in the four swimming strokes in 1984 and recent years in male events (the numbers in the table only show the mean value presented in each study).

Authors	Level	Race Distance	Male Freestyle	Male Backstroke	Male Breaststroke	Male Butterfly
* Miller et al. (1984)	International	100 m	9.14	8.51	11.10	9.89
		200 m	9.02	8.50	11.82	9.93
Veiga et al. (2014)	Regional	100 m	9.00	11.65	11.86	10.61
		200 m	8.95	10.87	12.02	10.62
	National	100 m	9.17	12.87	12.06	12.16
		200 m	9.21	11.73	12.42	11.59
Veiga et al. (2016)	International	100 m	10.47	13.88	13.44	13.82
		200 m	11.72	13.89	14.25	13.52
Morais et al. (2019)	International	100 m	11.43	12.34	13.02	12.53
** Marinho et al. (2020)	International	100 m	11.50	13.50	13.00	13.00
		200 m	12.00	13.50	14.50	12.00
Approximate increase in the breakout distance from 1984 to the present (%)		100 m	12.84	50.98	14.20	25.62
		200 m	18.36	49.39	12.00	22.32

* the distance was defined as the hand displacement where the swimmers completed the first stroke. ** displayed values are approximate as the precise numbers were not presented in the source.