Table 3.
Breakout distance after the start in the four swimming strokes in 1984 and recent years in female events (the numbers in the table only show the mean value presented in each study).
| Authors | Level | Race Distance | Female Freestyle | Female Backstroke | Female Breaststroke | Female Butterfly |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| * Miller et al. (1984) | International | 100 m | 8.12 | 7.66 | 10.44 | 8.87 |
| 200 m | 7.94 | 7.09 | 10.38 | 8.79 | ||
| Veiga et al. (2014) | Regional | 100 m | 8.41 | 10.43 | 10.55 | 9.23 |
| 200 m | 8.50 | 9.22 | 10.57 | 9.04 | ||
| National | 100 m | 8.05 | 11.87 | 10.52 | 10.69 | |
| 200 m | 8.48 | 10.74 | 10.84 | 10.18 | ||
| Veiga et al. (2016) | International | 100 m | 10.74 | 13.51 | 11.91 | - |
| 200 m | 10.65 | 13.03 | 12.52 | 12.28 | ||
| Morais et al. (2019) | International | 100 m | 10.74 | 12.85 | 11.37 | 11.54 |
| ** Marinho et al. (2020) | International | 100 m | 11.00 | 13.00 | 12.00 | 13.00 |
| 200 m | 10.00 | 13.00 | 13.00 | 13.00 | ||
| Approximate increase in the breakout distance from 1984 to the present (%) | 100 m | 20.54 | 60.99 | 7.95 | 25.31 | |
| 200 m | 22.49 | 66.40 | 13.55 | 30.83 | ||
* the distance was defined as the hand displacement where the swimmers completed the first stroke. ** displayed values are approximate as the precise numbers were not presented in the source.