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. 2021 Jan 4;22(1):433. doi: 10.3390/ijms22010433

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© 2021 by the authors.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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PPARs linked hypoxia with trophoblast differentiation. The hypoxia inhibited the expression of PPARγ with the inactivation of both hypoxia inducible factor (HIF) and histone deacetylases (HDACs), which hampered the trophoblast differentiation. Hypoxia decreased the expression of TBP-2 and breast cancer resistance protein (BCRP) induced by suppressing PPARα and γ, which affected trophoblast differentiation. DHA increased the secretion of VEGF and the PPARβ ligand (GW501516) stimulated ANGPTL4 expression, which influenced the trophoblast differentiation.