Table 1.
Mean and 95th percentile estimation of daily oral intake of TiO2 from food products (E171), food supplements and toothpaste in different age groups and countries in mg/kg bw/day (n/a = data not available, * mg/person/day).
| Author | Year | Country | Mean (mg/kg bw/Day) | 95th Percentile (mg/kg bw/Day) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Wu [50] | 2020 | USA | 0.15–3.9 * (PCP survey and usage patterns, no food included) | n/a |
| EFSA [21] | 2016 | Europe | <11 months: 0.2–0.8 1–3 years: 0.6–4.6 3–9 years: 0.9–5.5 10–17 years: 0.4–4.1 18–64 years: 0.3–4.0 >65 years: 0.2–2.8 |
<11 months: 0.7–3.9 1–3 years: 2.0–6.8 3–9 years: 2.4–14.8 10–17 years: 1.3–10.8 18–64 years: 1.1–9.7 >65 years: 0.5–7.0 |
| Rompelberg [49] | 2016 | NL | 2–6 years: 0.66–0.70 7–69 years: 0.16–0.18 >69 years: 0.05–0.07 |
2–6 years: 1.19–1.40 7–69 years: 0.47–0.54 >69 years: 0.20–0.28 |
| Bachler [51] | 2015 | DE | “Other Children”: ~2 Toddlers, adolescents, adults, elderly: 0.5–1 |
“Other Children”: ~0.7–7.2 Toddlers, adolescents, adults, elderly: ~0.1–4.2 |
| Sprong [52] | 2015 | NL | 2–6 years: 1.3–1.5 7–69 years: 0.6–0.7 >70 years: 0.5–0.6 |
2–6 years: 4.5–5.6 7–69 years: 2.6–3.0 >70 years: 1.7–2.2 |
| Christensen [53] | 2015 | DK | Children: 2 Adults: 1 |
n/a |
| Weir [27] | 2012 | UK | <10 years 2–3 >10 years: 1 |
n/a |
| Weir [27] | 2012 | US | <10 years: 1–2 >10 years: 0.2–0.7 |
n/a |
| Powell [54] | 2010 | UK | 5 * | n/a |