Aβ	amyloid β peptides
ACA	acetoacetate
ACh	acetylcholine
ACMSD	2-amino-3-carboxymuconate-semialdehyde decarboxylase
AD	Alzheimer’s disease
AHR	aryl hydrocarbon receptor
ALCAR	acetyl-L-carnitine
α-7nAChR	α7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor
ALS	amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
AMPA	α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazole-propionic acid
AMPK	5′ adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase
AMSDH	2-aminomuconate-6-semialdehyde dehydrogenase
Apo A-I	apo-lipoprotein A-I
Apo B	apolipoprotein B
ATP	adenosine triphosphate
BBB	blood–brain barrier
BDNF	brain-derived neurotrophic factor
CHMP	Committee for Medicinal Products for Human Use
Chol	cholesterol
CNS	central nervous system
CoA	coenzyme A
CSF	cerebrospinal fluid
dβHB	d-β-hydroxybutyrate
DHLA	dihydrolipoic acid
DOPAC	3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid
EAE	experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis
FDA	U.S. Food and Drug Administration
GPR35	G protein-coupled receptor 35
GSH	glutathione
3HAO	3-hydroxyanthranilate 3,4-dioxygenase
HD	Huntington’s disease
HDL	high-density lipoprotein
3HK	3-hydroxy-L-kynurenine
HMG-CoA	β-hydroxy-methylglutaryl-CoA
ICAM	soluble cell adhesion molecule
IDO	indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase
IFN-γ	interferon-γ
IL-4	interleukin-4
i.p. injection	intraperitoneal injection
KAT	kynurenine aminotransferase
KB	ketone body
KGDHC	α-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase complex
KMO	kynurenine 3-monooxygenase
KP	kynurenine pathway
KYN	L-kynurenine
KYNA	kynurenic acid
LA	α-lipoic acid
LBF	Lactobacillus bulgaricus Factor
L-dopa	levodopa
LPS	lipopolysaccharide
MDD	major depressive disorder
MMP-9	matrix metalloproteinase-9
MPP+	1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium ion
MPTP	1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine
MS	multiple sclerosis
NAD+	nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide
ND	neurodegenerative diseases
NMDARs	N-methyl-d-aspartic acid receptors
3-NP	3-nitropropionic acid
6-OHDA	6-hydroxydopamine
PD	Parkinson’s disease
PDH	pyruvate dehydrogenase
PIC	picolinic acid
PKAN	pantothenate kinase-associated neurodegeneration
QPRT	quinolinic acid phosphoribosyltransferase
QUIN	quinolinic acid
RONS	reactive oxygen and nitrogen species
ROS	reactive oxygen species
RR MS	relapsing-remitting MS
SDH	succinate dehydrogenase
-SH	sulfhydryl
SNpc	substantia nigra pars compacta
TCA	tricarboxylic acid cycle
TDO	tryptophan 2,3-dioxygenase
TG	triglyceride
TGF-β	tumor growth factor-β
TIMP1	tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases
TNF-α	tumor necrosis factor-α
TRP	tryptophan