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. 2020 Dec 27;22(1):188. doi: 10.3390/ijms22010188

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© 2020 by the authors.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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Functional interaction between brain and heart disorders. Scheme of the behavioral, psychosocial and biological risk factors shared among psychiatric disorders that are involved in the increased incidence of cardiovascular diseases. HPA axis = Hypothalamic–Pituitary–Adrenal axis, ANS = Autonomic Nervous System, SNS = Sympathetic Nervous System, PNS = Parasympathetic Nervous System, HR = Heart Rate, BP = Blood Pressure, NE = Norepinephrine, TNF-α = Tumor Necrosis Factor Alpha, PTSD = Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder, I_Kr = Rapid Delayed Rectifier Potassium Current, I_Ks = Slow Delayed Rectifier Potassium Current, I_Ca,L = L-Type Calcium Current, I_Na = Sodium Current, ↑ increased, ↓ decreased.