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. 2020 Dec 31;18(1):263. doi: 10.3390/ijerph18010263

Table 2.

Study characteristics.

Study/Country Study Design/EPHPP Theory Participants Characteristics/Sample size Setting/Unit of Assignment
  • -

    Akhtari Zavare et al. 2016 [16]

  • -

    Malaysia
  • -

    RCT

  • -

    Strong
  • -

    HBM
  • -

    Undergraduate students

  • -

    20 years old and above

  • -

    N = 370 (I:186; C:184)
  • -

    2 selected public universities

  • -

    Individual-based
  • -

    Heydari and Noroozi, 2015 [49]

  • -

    Iran
  • -

    RCT

  • -

    Moderate
  • -

    HBM
  • -

    Female elementary school teachers

  • -

    Older than 40 years

  • -

    N = 120 (G1:60; G2:60)
  • -

    21 elementary schools

  • -

    Individual-based
  • -

    Eskandari-Torbaghan et al. 2014 [47]

  • -

    Iran
  • -

    Controlled clinical trial

  • -

    Moderate
  • -

    HBM
  • -

    Female staff

  • -

    Age for intervention: (M = 35.38, SD = 8.01), Age for control: (M = 34.39, SD = 8.98)

  • -

    N = 130 (I:65: C:65)
  • -

    University

  • -

    Individual-based
  • -

    Goel and O’Conor, 2016 [55]

  • -

    USA
  • -

    Quasi-experimental

  • -

    study

  • -

    Moderate
  • -

    SCT
  • -

    Women with low levels of formal education

  • -

    40 years old or older

  • -

    N = 97 (I:49; C:48)
  • -

    Community health center

  • -

    Individual-based
  • -

    Kocaöz et al. 2017 [59]

  • -

    Turkey
  • -

    Semi experimental (in a

  • -

    single group)

  • -

    Moderate
  • -

    No theory
  • -

    Women residents in villages and towns

  • -

    18 years old and above

  • -

    N = 342
  • -

    Mosques, schools, and cafés
  • -

    Elder et al. 2017 [54]

  • -

    USA
  • -

    RCT

  • -

    Strong
  • -

    EM
  • -

    Self-identified Latina

  • -

    18–65 years old

  • -

    N = 436 (I:219; C:217)
  • -

    Churches

  • -

    Church unite
  • -

    Yılmaz et al. 2017 [11]

  • -

    Turkey
  • -

    Semi-empirical pre

  • -

    post-test

  • -

    Moderate
  • -

    HBM
  • -

    Women aged 20 years and above

  • -

    N = 244
  • -

    Community education center
  • -

    Freund et al. 2017 [9]

  • -

    Israel
  • -

    RCT

  • -

    Moderate
  • -

    No theory
  • -

    Arab and Ultra-Orthodox Jewish women

  • -

    40–60 years old

  • -

    N = 598, Arab N = 331 (I:24; C:90), Jewish N = 267 (I:148; C:119)
  • -

    Faith-based communities in Israel

  • -

    Individual-based
  • -

    -Mirmoammadi et al. 2018 [51]

  • -

    Iran
  • -

    RCT

  • -

    Moderate
  • -

    HBM
  • -

    Women attending healthcare centers

  • -

    Aged > 40 years

  • -

    N = 140 (I:75; C:75)
  • -

    Healthcare centers

  • -

    Health center-based
  • -

    Khiyali et al. 2017 [50]

  • -

    Iran
  • -

    Quasi experimental

  • -

    study

  • -

    Moderate
  • -

    HBM
  • -

    Women attending health centers

  • -

    Older than 20 years

  • -

    N = 92 (I:46; C:46)
  • -

    Two health centers

  • -

    Individual-based
  • -

    Masoudiyekta et al. 2018 [19]

  • -

    Iran
  • -

    Quasi experimental

  • -

    study

  • -

    Moderate
  • -

    HBM
  • -

    Women referred to health centers

  • -

    20–60 years old

  • -

    N = 226
  • -

    Health centers

  • -

    Health center unit
  • -

    Lee-Lin et al. 2015b [53]

  • -

    USA
  • -

    RCT

  • -

    Moderate
  • -

    HBM and TTM
  • -

    Chinese American immigrant women

  • -

    40–85 years old

  • -

    N = 300 (I:147; C:153)
  • -

    Community organizations

  • -

    Individual-based
  • -

    Lee-Lin et al. 2015a [57]

  • -

    USA
  • -

    RCT

  • -

    Moderate
  • -

    HBM and TTM
  • -

    Chinese American immigrant women

  • -

    40–85 years old

  • -

    N = 300 (I:147; C:153)
  • -

    Community organizations

  • -

    Individual-based
  • -

    Fathollahi-Dehkordi and Farajzadegan, 2018 [48]

  • -

    Iran
  • -

    RCT

  • -

    Moderate
  • -

    HBM and TTM
  • -

    Women referring to a hospital who have 1st or 2nd degree family history of BC

  • -

    20 years old or older

  • -

    N = 98 (I:48; C:50)
  • -

    Hospital

  • -

    Individual-based
  • -

    Taymoori et al. 2015 [52]

  • -

    Iran
  • -

    RCT

  • -

    Moderate
  • -

    HBM and TPB
  • -

    Iranian women

  • -

    50 years or older

  • -

    N = 184 (intervention based on HBM + TPB: 60; intervention based on the HBM: 63; C:61)
  • -

    3 healthcare centers

  • -

    Individual-based
  • -

    Rabbani et al. 2019 [61]

  • -

    United Arab Emirates
  • -

    One-group pre post-test

  • -

    experimental design

  • -

    Moderate
  • -

    No theory
  • -

    Arab women

  • -

    18–65 years old

  • -

    N = 250
  • -

    Community
  • -

    Gondek et al. 2015 [58]

  • -

    USA
  • -

    One-group pre post-test

  • -

    design

  • -

    Moderate
  • -

    SCT
  • -

    Immigrant and refugee females

  • -

    N = 348
  • -

    Resettlement agency locations
  • -

    Ouyang and Hu, 2014 [62]

  • -

    China
  • -

    One-group pre post-test

  • -

    design

  • -

    Moderate
  • -

    HBM
  • -

    Female residents

  • -

    Over 20 years old

  • -

    N = 38
  • -

    Community health center
  • -

    Seven et al. 2014 [60]

  • -

    Turkey
  • -

    Interventional study de

  • -

    signed

  • -

    Moderate
  • -

    HBM
  • -

    Female aged 50–69 years old

  • -

    N = 327 women (individual education group: 115; individual education plus an educational brochure for the spouse group: 112; group education: 100)
  • -

    Participants’ houses

  • -

    Individual-based
  • -

    Tuzcu et al. 2016 [10]

  • -

    Turkey
  • -

    Quasi-experimental

  • -

    study

  • -

    Moderate
  • -

    HBM and HPM
  • -

    Migrant women

  • -

    Older than 20 years

  • -

    N = 200 (I:100; C:100)
  • -

    Family health center

  • -

    Individual-based
  • -

    Vasishta et al. 2018 [63]

  • -

    India
  • -

    One group pre post-test

  • -

    design

  • -

    Moderate
  • -

    No theory
  • -

    Female students

  • -

    18–25 years old

  • -

    N = 177
  • -

    College
  • -

    Wu and Lin, 2016 [56]

  • -

    USA
  • -

    RCT

  • -

    Moderate
  • -

    HBM
  • -

    Chinese American women

  • -

    41 years or older

  • -

    N = 193 (I:96; C:97)
  • -

    Chinese organizations and community centers

  • -

    Individual-based

RCT, Randomized control trials; TTM, The Transtheoretical Model; TPB, the Theory of Planned Behavior; HPM, the Health Promotion Model; SCT, the Social Cognitive Theory; HBM, the Health Belief Model; EM, the Ecological Model.