Figure 3.

Exosome-associated molecules used for diagnosis and therapy. For instance, epidermal growth factor receptor variant type III (EGFRvIII) is associated with the classical glioblastoma (GBM) subtype [345]. MicroRNA (miRNA)-124 has been reported to enhance the chemosensitivity of GBM cells to temozolomide and to decrease GBM cell migration [346]. In addition, the delivery of miRNA-34a results in the inhibition of GBM cell proliferation, invasion, migration and tumurogenesis both in vivo and in vitro [347]. Lung cancer was also detected using exosomal biomarkers. In this context, Liu et al. found that miRNA-23b/10b-5p/21-5p were good candidates for its diagnosis [348], while Dejima and coworkers considered miRNA-21/4257/451a reliable biomarkers [349,350]. Other miRNAs such as homo sapiens (hsa)-miRNA-320d/320c/320b were suggested as potential biomarkers [351]. On the other hand, exosome miRNA-101/373 serum levels were found to be linked to aggressive breast carcinomas [352]. Other authors recommend miRNA-1246/21/223-3p as potential indicators of breast cancer [353,354]. Therapeutic quantities of doxorubicin (Dox) and cholesterol-modified miRNA 159 (Cho-miRNA-159) were delivered to triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) cells and exhibited improved anticancer effects [355]. In addition, miRNA-204-5p and miRNA-21 efficiently inhibited cancer cell proliferation and increased chemosensitivity by specifically suppressing their target genes in human colorectal cancer cells [356,357]. Adipose-derived stromal cells (ASCs) were shown to be able to promote prostate cancer cell apoptosis via exosomal miRNA-145 through the caspase-3/7 pathway [358,359].