Table 1.
Sociodemographic and psychometric characteristics.
| Characteristics (n,%) |
Total | No Depressive Symptoms | Depressive Symptoms |
χ2 or t | df | p |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Overall | 500 | 378 (75.6) | 122 (24.4) | |||
| Age | 15.7 | 4 | 0.003 | |||
| 18–27 | 116 (23.2) | 77 (20.4) | 39 (32.0) | |||
| 28–37 | 129 (25.8) | 95 (25.1) | 34 (27.9) | |||
| 38–47 | 83 (16.6) | 59 (15.6) | 24 (19.7) | |||
| 48–57 | 81 (16.2) | 70 (18.5) | 11 (9.0) | |||
| >57 | 91 (18.2) | 77 (20.4) | 14 (11.5) | |||
| Gender | 4.77 | 1 | 0.029 | |||
| Male | 202 (40.4) | 163 (43.1) | 39 (32.0) | |||
| Female | 298 (59.6) | 215 (56.9) | 83 (68.0) | |||
| Educational level | 1.24 | 1 | 0.266 | |||
| ≤Undergraduate | 147 (29.4) | 116 (30.7) | 31 (25.4) | |||
| ≥Graduate | 353 (70.6) | 262 (69.3) | 91 (74.6) | |||
| Occupation | 0.03 | 2 | 0.985 | |||
| Student | 72 (14.4) | 55 (14.6) | 17 (13.9) | |||
| Employed | 350 (70.0) | 264 (69.8) | 86 (70.5) | |||
| Unemployed | 78 (15.6) | 59 (15.6) | 19 (15.6) | |||
| Marital status | 0.81 | 1 | 0.367 | |||
| Married | 181 (36.2) | 141 (37.3) | 40 (32.8) | |||
| Unmarried | 319 (63.8) | 237 (62.7) | 82 (67.2) | |||
| Lifetime history of chronic disease | 148 (29.6) | 107 (28.3) | 41 (33.6) | 1.24 | 1 | 0.265 |
| Family history of psychiatric disorders | 67 (13.4) | 50 (13.2) | 17 (13.9) | 0.03 | 1 | 0.842 |
| Living alone | 70 (14.0) | 55 (14.6) | 15 (12.3) | 0.39 | 1 | 0.533 |
| Changes in working activities | 439 (87.8) | 331 (87.6) | 108 (88.5) | 0.08 | 1 | 0.779 |
| Working on frontline | 128 (25.6) | 97 (25.7) | 31 (25.4) | 0.01 | 1 | 0.956 |
| Contact with COVID-19 cases | 65 (13.0) | 49 (13.0) | 16 (13.1) | 0.01 | 1 | 0.965 |
| Psychometric assessment (M ± SD) | ||||||
| SHAPS | 1.2 ± 2.4 | 0.7 ± 1.6 | 2.8 ± 3.7 | −8.6 | 1 | <0.001 |
| DERS | 75.7 ± 23.1 | 68.2 ± 16.7 | 98.8 ± 24.7 | −15.4 | 1 | <0.001 |
Significant results in bold characters. Abbreviations: M, mean; SD, standard deviation; df, degrees of freedom; χ2, chi-squared test; p, statistical significance; t, Student’s t; SD standard deviation; BDI-II, Beck Depression Inventory II; SHAPS, Snaith–Hamilton Pleasure Scale; DERS, Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale.