| β | particle incidence angle (°) |
| σ crit | critical stress of the crack propagation at the defects, which is defined by Equation (1) (GPa) |
| μp | Poisson’s ratio of particles (−) |
| μt | Poisson’s ratio of coating (−) |
| ρc | density of the coating (g·cm−3) |
| ρp | density of particles(g·cm−3) |
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