Figure 3.

Isomaltulose and trehalulose production. Synthesis of the non-starch slowly digestible sucrose isomers by the isomaltulose synthase (PDB ID: 1M53) and trehalulose synthase (PDB ID: 1ZJA). Minor products of the reaction are represented by faint text. Blood glucose and insulin levels in humans after oral administration of these carbohydrates rise slower and reach lower maxima than after sucrose administration [60]. After hydrolysis of these disaccharides by the human small intestinal mucosal enzymes, fructose and glucose are metabolized as typical for these monosaccharides.