Table 1.

Characteristics of the reviewed studies divided by study type.

Study	Year	Country	Sample	PTSD/PTSS Measures	PTSD/PTSS Rates	Risk/Protective Factors
Longitudinal studies
De Young et al. [60]	2014	Australia	120 parents of children with burn injuries	PDS	PTSD: 22% at 1 month post-injury 5% at 6 months	Risk factors: −Number of invasive procedures −Acute parent distress −Child PTSS −Prior trauma history −Guilt feelings
Harper et al. [45]	2013	USA	75 parents of pediatric cancer patients on the day of each of three medical procedures	IES-R	Not reported	Protective factors: −Task-specific self-efficacy
Malin et al. [56]	2019	USA	162 parents three months after discharge from ≥14 days of NICU	PPQ	PTSD: 25%	Risk factors: −Objective measures of infant illness severity −Parent perception of infant illness
Young et al. [65]	2003	USA	170 caregivers of pediatric transplant recipients	PDS	PTSD: 27.1%	Risk factors: −Negative perceptions −Negative attitudes about their health care services and about health care in general
Cross-sectional studies
Aftyka and Rozalska [55]	2020	Poland	82 parents of infants previously treated in NICU	IES-R	PTSD: 68.5% fathers, 82.9% mothers	Risk factors: −PTSD in the partner −Level of perceived stress (fathers) −Coping styles (emotion-oriented in fathers; avoidance-oriented in mothers)
Bruce et al. [44]	2011	UK	52 parents of children with brain tumor	IES-R	PTSD: 29%	Risk factors: −Number of tumor recurrences Protective factors: −More positive parent-child interaction
Carmassi et al. [57]	2018	Italy	134 Parents of children with a diagnosis of epilepsy	SCID-5 TALS-SR	PTSD: 10.4% parents (13.3% of the mothers and 4.5% of the fathers). Partial PTSD 37.3% (mothers 43.3% and fathers 25.0%)	Risk factors: −Subjective impact of the seizure −Mothers −Manic symptoms (in the fathers)
Casey et al. [69]	2012	USA	265 parents of children with ASD	IES-R	PTSS: 20%	Risk factors: −families with one biological parent not living in the home −families with one or more children diagnosed with ASD −difficulties finding and holding a job −marital problems −depression
Dell’Osso et al. [58]	2018	Italy	134 parents (90 mothers and 44 fathers), of patients aged below 18 years old diagnosed with an epileptic syndrome	SCID-5; TALS-SR	PTSD: 10.4% (13.3% mothers and 4.5% fathers); 37.3% (43.3% of the mothers and 25.0% of the fathers) partial PTSD	Risk factors: −Female −In fathers restricted interests and ruminations
Hawkins et al. [61]	2019	UK	91 parents and primary caregivers (63 mothers, 25 fathers, 3 other) of children during the first 8 weeks following child’s burn injury	IES-R	PTSD: 32.8% of women, 40% of men	Risk factors: −Feelings of guilt and shame −Longer stays in hospital −Younger age of patient Protective factors: −Self-compassion
Ingerski et al. [66]	2010	USA	64 parents of children with chronic illnesses	IES-R	PTSD: 12.9% (14.3% transplantation, 7.7% HIV, 14.3% SCD)	Risk factors: −Transplant candidates
Jurbergs et al. [43]	2009	USA	199 parents of children with cancer	IES-R	Not reported	Risk factors: −Relapsed patients Protective factors: −Being no longer on active treatment
Juth et al. [47]	2015	USA	110 caregivers of AYAs cancer patients	PCL	Not reported	Risk factors: −Illness’s severity perceptions
Khalifa et al. [46]	2014	Egypt	96 parents of children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia and 22 parents of healthy controls. Patients divided into five groups according to disease phase	PTSD Assessment Scale	Not reported	Risk factors: −Mothers Protective factors: −Higher professional and educational levels in parents of children of Group III (during maintenance therapy)
Landolt et al. [41]	2003	Switzerland	355 parents of children 5–6 weeks after an accident or a new diagnosis of cancer or diabetes mellitus type 1	PDS	PTSD: 39.9% (16% fathers and 23.9% mothers)	Risk factors: −Diagnosis of cancer (with respect to other diagnosis) −Poorer functional status of the child
Malpert et al. [48]	2015	USA	127 parents of long-term survivors of childhood Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia	IES-R	PTSS: 3.9%	Risk factors: −Perceived caregiver strain
Masa’deh and Jarrah [50]	2017	Jordan	416 parents of children with cancer	PCL-C	Not reported	Risk factors: −Mothers −Younger age of parents
McCarthy et al. [49]	2016	Australia	204 parent caregivers of AYAs diagnosed with cancer	PCL-S	PTSS: 42%	Risk factors: −Other life stressors −Impact on plans for the future −Impact on broader family −Living outside the metropolitan area
McCarthy et al. [52]	2018	Australia	204 parent caregivers of AYAs diagnosed with cancer	PCL-S	Not reported	Risk factors: −Higher unmet information needs
Odar et al. [59]	2013	USA	45 parents of children with burn injuries	PCL-S	PTSD: 4.44%	Risk factors: −Younger child age at the time of burn −Greater child PTSS −Family mental health diagnosis −Level of familiar stress prior to the burn event
Pasterski et al. [62]	2014	UK	47 parents of children diagnosed with disorders of sex development	IES-R	PTSD: 49%	Risk factors: −Cognitive confusion −Children diagnosed at earlier age
Perez et al. [53]	2018	USA	59 caregivers of pediatric cancer patients	IES-R	PTSS: 25.42%	Risk factors: −Illness uncertainty −Rumination −Lower income
Perez et al. [63]	2019	USA	139 parents (76 mothers and 63 fathers) of children with disorders of sex development	IES-R	PTSS: 17%	Risk factors: −Mothers −Lower income and increased expenses (in fathers) −Unknown diagnosis (in fathers)
Perez et al. [54]	2020	USA	145 caregivers of children diagnosed with cancer	IES-R	PTSS: 27.4%	Risk factors: −Barriers to care −Illness uncertainty Protective factors: −Support
Phipps et al. [42]	2005	USA	120 parents of children with cancer	IES-R	Not reported	Risk factors: −Mothers −Child PTSS −Recently diagnosed patients
Sawyer et al. [51]	2017	Australia	204 parents of AYAs with cancer	PCL-S	Not reported	Risk factors: −Unmet needs, during and after treatment −Younger age of patient Protective factors: −Meeting support needs
Steinberg et al. [64]	2012	USA	120 caregivers of children with asthma	SCID-I	PTSD: 20.83% (lifetime diagnosis, prior to the past 12-months)	Risk factors: −Beliefs congruent with the lay model of asthma management −Less congruent with the professional model of asthma management
Stewart et al. [71]	2020	Australia	395 parents of children with ASD and rare diseases	PCL-5	PTSD: 40.8% (ASD 23.5%; Rare diseases: 17.3%)	Risk factors: −Challenging child behaviours
Taskiran et al. [68]	2016	Turkey	27 mothers of children who underwent bone marrow transplantation	CAPS	PTSD: 57.6%	Risk factors: −PTSS in children
Tutus & Goldbeck [70]	2016	Germany	113 parents of children and adolescents with PTSD	PDS	PTSS: 48.6%	Risk factors: −Dysfunctional cognitions
Virtue et al. [67]	2014	USA	215 caregivers of children undergoing hematopoietic stem cell transplant (HSCT)	IES-R	PTSS: 54%	Risk factors: −Being married −Depressive and anxiety symptoms −To undergo an allogeneic transplant

IES-r, Impact of Event Scale-Revised; PPQ, Perinatal PTSD Questionnaire; PCL-5, PTSD Checklist for the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders 5th edition; PCL-C, PTSD Checklist-Civilian Version; PCL-S, Post-traumatic stress disorder checklist, version S; PDS, Post-traumatic Diagnostic Scale; PTSD, Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder; PTSS, Post-Traumatic Stress Symptoms; SCID-5, Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-5; SCID-I, Clinical Interview for DSM-IV-TR Axis I Disorders; SCID-IV, Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV; TALS-SR Trauma and Loss Spectrum—Self Report.