Table 2.
Examples of recent research studies based on the incorporation of fibers in the polymer matrices for a large range of applications.
| Matrices | Fillers | Content | Textile Source | Applications | Year | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Thermosettings -based Reinforced Composites | ||||||
| Polyurethane foam | Polyamide, polyacril and modal | 50 wt.% | Textile waste from the production of knitted clothing | Materials to reduce noise pollution levels | 2016 [58] | |
| Two component epoxy adhesive- | Polyamide microfibers | 5 wt.% | Waste from the process of the tyres recycling | Waste disposal problems | 2016 [56] | |
| Unsaturated polyester resin | Cotton | 30 vol.% | Combed noil waste from spinning and the knitting waste | Low strength structural applications | 2017 [53] | |
| Unsaturated polyester resin | Cotton, jute and glass Fibers | 30 vol.% | Textile Industry waste | Minimizing the use of synthetic Glass fibers | 2018 [54] | |
| Epoxy resin | 3D denim-cotton fiber needled felts | ~30 wt.% | Waste jeans | Construction fields, such as particle boards, plywood and flooring | 2020 [57] | |
| Epoxy resin | Cotton fibers treated in alkaline solution and trasformed into nonwoven mat | 1.5 M | 100% cotton waste supplied by SITEX(Tunisia) | Lightness and good mechanical performances automotive andbuilding industries |
2020 [55] | |
| Epoxy resin | Cotton | 40 vol.% | Cutting waste in garment making and defective fabrics | Replacement of timber for furniture materials and automotive components | 2020 [74] | |
| Thermoplastics-based Reinforced Composites | ||||||
| Recycled Polyamide (Nylon 6,6) | Micro-Cellulose | 30 wt.% | Carpet waste to recycle the nylon matrix | Automotive interior and exterior parts | 2012 [75] | |
| Polypropylene | Silk/Wool | 50 wt.% | Silk selvedge waste | Electrical insulating material in printed circuit boards | 2013 [76] | |
| Recycled Polyethylene | Cotton | 30 wt.% | Textile waste cotton fabrics | Green composites | 2017 [77] | |
| Polypropylene | Cotton | 40 wt.% | Flocks residues, treated with a reactive dye, from textile industry and with not enough length for spinning | Green composites | 2017 [59] | |
| Polypropylene | Cotton | 20 wt.% | Denim cotton yarns, not approved by quality standard and sold as low-value waste | Automotive | 2017 [60] | |
| Poly(lactic acid) | Hydrolyzed cotton fibers surface modified with various silane |
5 wt.% | Denim cotton waste | green composites | 2018 [78] | |
| Bio-based polyethylene terephthalate | Cotton | 10 wt.% | Linter of recycled cotton | Environmentally friendly and cost-effective composite materials | 2019 [79] | |
| Polyacrylonitrile | Alpaca fibers | 30 wt.% | Waste alpaca fibers | Reduction of the ecological footprint and supporting the circular economy | 2019 [80] | |
| Natural matrices-based Reinforced composites | ||||||
| Sodium alginate | Wood and textile waste fibers | / | Recycled jeans | Insulation and rigid panels for building. | 2018 [63] | |
| Chitosan | Miscanthus fibers/recycled textile fiber/Aluminum trihydroxide | 92 wt.% | Recycled second-hand jeans | Non-flammable and insulating building materials | 2019 [62] | |
| Vegetable (Gum Arabic) and animal (Chitosan) resources | Wool | 40 wt.% | Discarded shreds resulting from the manufacturing process of an Italian clothing company | Materials used in the construction industry for thermal insulation and noise control | 2019 [64] | |
| Natural rubber latex | Cotton | 22.4 wt.% | Knitted fabrics from cardigans | Flexible strain sensor | 2019 [65] | |
| Natural rubber | 94% Cotton/6% polyester | 80–90 wt.% | 100% knitted cotton fabric strips and 100% polyester threads sourced from the overlock machines | Sound insulation materials | 2021 [81] | |
| Hybrids | ||||||
| PP resin and styrene accelerator. | Loose fibrous material | 40 wt.% | Threads, rags, and woven cloth scraps | Green composites | 2014 [82] | |
| Epoxy resin | Polyamide fibers and rubber particles | 12 wt.% | Process of tyres recyclation | To set a possible utilization of unsorted textile waste from the process of the tyres recycling | 2015 [83] | |
| Low-density polyethylene | Glass/Cotton fibers | 35 wt.% | Chopped waste fabrics | outdoor products Outdoor products |
2017 [84] | |
| Polypropylene | Sisal/Recycled E glass Sisal/Recycled Carbon fibres |
42 wt.% | Waste parts of final fabrics textile manifacturing | Semi-structural applications | 2018 [85] | |
| Fibrillated polypropylene textile wastee | Cotton, wool, acrylic, polyester, polypropylene, nylon and elastane |
/ | Local municipal solid waste |
Flooring, walling and division systems (loading-bear systems) or interior linings, such as ceilings acoustic absorbers (non-loading bear systems) | 2019 [61] | |
| Recycled Polypropylene Polypropylene particulate powder Latex and polyurethane mattresses foams |
Cellulose, protein and plastic Mixed wood sawdust Organic marinefibres |
/ | Assorted polymer fibers by second hand clothes blends, Polypropylene from woven sacks and shopping bags, Latex and polyurethane mattresses foams by a recycling company | Sound absorption building applications |
2019 [67] | |
| PLA/PBAT blend (55/45 wt.%) | Rice husk, wheat husk, wood fibers and textile fibers | 86.5 wt.% | Garments recycling company, with a minimum of 70% cotton content | Buildings and constructions | 2019 [68] | |
| Polyester staple fibers | Fibers/Woven Aramid |
90 wt.% | Recycled Kevlar woven selvage | Protective cloths | 2019 [86] | |
| Recycled polyester Low melting point polyester |
Carbon, basalt and aramid plain woven fabrics | / | High Strength polyester selvages | Protective clothing field and geotextiles field | 2019 [66] | |
| Epoxy resin | Cotton fibers graphite oxide nanoparticles | 40 vol.% | Textile waste called as shoddy | Furniture materials and some visible and non-visible automotive components | 2020 [87] | |
| Recycled Polypropylene in form of particles and fibers |
Lignocellulosic filler-phase |
40 wt.% | Particulate PP from discarded assorted food packaging, and the fibrous textile PP | Multifunctional sustainable building materials from heterogeneous complex waste mixtures | 2020 [88] | |
| Concrete Materials | ||||||
| Cement–clay admixture | Polypropylene fibers | 2.5 wt.% | Waste bags | Compacted-pavement base/subbases | 2015 [70] | |
| Cementitious mortars | Nylon fibers | 1.5 wt.% | Fishing nets | To protect the sea environment | 2015 [71] | |
| Foamed Concrete | Textile fiber wastes | 5 wt.% | Industrial textile waste | To increase the energy efficiency of buildings | 2017 [89] | |
| Portland cement | Polypropylene fibers | 1.25 vol.% | Waste carpet fibers | New alternative concrete composite exposed to corrosive ambient | 2018 [69] | |
| Polyester concrete | Cotton fibers | 1.4 wt.% | Blue-jeans waste | Solution to the environmental problem of textile waste | 2018 [72] | |
| Portland cement/Starch | Jute fibers | 20 wt.% | Waste jute bags | Prefabricated panels for interior partitions | 2020 [73] | |