Table 7.
Heterogeneous effects of caregiver’s mental health on ECD across certain variables from socioeconomic status, n = 986.
| Cognitive Scores | Language Scores | Social-Emotional Scores | Motor Scores | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| (1) | (2) | (3) | (4) | ||
| Panel A: caregiver mental health and educational level | |||||
| (1) | Caregiver with mental health problem and low educational level | −3.53 ** | −4.42 *** | −4.76 *** | −4.12 ** |
| (1 = yes) | (1.37) | (1.29) | (1.49) | (1.64) | |
| (2) | Caregiver with mental health problem and high educational level | −1.06 | −1.64 | −3.61 *** | −1.36 |
| (1 = yes) | (1.13) | (1.22) | (1.26) | (1.36) | |
| (3) | Caregiver without mental health problem and with low educational level | −1.05 | −2.16 | −3.97 *** | −0.04 |
| (1 = yes) | (1.17) | (1.30) | (1.37) | (1.50) | |
| Controls | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | |
| Tester Fixed Effects | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | |
| Adj. R2 | 0.15 | 0.29 | 0.18 | 0.30 | |
| (4) | p value of test (1) = (2) | 0.070 | 0.018 | 0.379 | 0.154 |
| (5) | p value of test (1) = (3) | 0.039 | 0.035 | 0.437 | <0.01 |
| Panel B: caregiver mental health and paternal educational level | |||||
| (6) | Caregiver with mental health problem and low paternal educational level | −3.40 *** | −3.44 ** | −1.46 | −3.38 ** |
| (1 = yes) | (1.08) | (1.35) | (1.15) | (1.30) | |
| (7) | Caregiver with mental health problem and high paternal educational level | −2.22 | −2.21 | −1.47 | −2.66 ** |
| (1 = yes) | (1.29) | (1.17) | (1.15) | (1.32) | |
| (8) | Caregiver without mental health problem and with low paternal educational level | −1.83 | −1.63 | 1.01 | −0.26 |
| (1 = yes) | (1.23) | (1.23) | (1.28) | (1.34) | |
| Controls | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | |
| Tester Fixed Effects | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | |
| Adj. R2 | 0.15 | 0.29 | 0.18 | 0.30 | |
| (9) | p value of test (6) = (7) | 0.266 | 0.323 | 0.998 | 0.557 |
| (10) | p value of test (6) = (8) | 0.162 | 0.078 | 0.027 | <0.01 |
| Panel C: caregiver mental health and household asset | |||||
| (11) | Caregiver with mental health problem and low household asset | −3.89 *** | −6.04 *** | −3.95 *** | −5.38 *** |
| (1 = yes) | (1.28) | (1.25) | (1.09) | (1.51) | |
| (12) | Caregiver with mental health problem and high household asset | −2.02 | −4.15 *** | −1.56 | −5.19 *** |
| (1 = yes) | (1.52) | (1.46) | (1.46) | (1.78) | |
| (13) | Caregiver without mental health problem and with low household asset | −2.08 | −4.84 *** | −1.81 | −3.28 ** |
| (1 = yes) | (1.17) | (1.25) | (1.25) | (1.51) | |
| Controls | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | |
| Tester Fixed Effects | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | |
| Adj. R2 | 0.14 | 0.29 | 0.18 | 0.30 | |
| (14) | p value of test (11) = (12) | 0.189 | 0.160 | 0.070 | 0.891 |
| (15) | p value of test (11) = (13) | 0.072 | 0.163 | 0.034 | 0.031 |
Note. Data source is author’s survey. Controls include child’s age, gender, ethnicity, and premature birth; whether the child has siblings; whether the mother is the primary caregiver; caregiver’s age and educational level; paternal educational level; whether the father lives at home; and household asset index. Low household assets indicates the last 75% families; high household assets indicates the remaining families. We also control for Bayley tester fixed effects. All standard errors account for clustering at the village level. ** p < 0.05; *** p < 0.01.