Table 5.
Pain outcomes.
| Author | Measurement | Intra-Groups | Between-Groups |
|---|---|---|---|
| Ferraz et al. [25] | WOMAC pain sub scale. POST (% decrease) | ||
| BFR: | 4.0 ± 2.9 (−39%); ES = −0.79 | ||
| HI-RT: | 4.6 ± 3.1 (−45%); ES = −0.59 | ||
| LI-RT: | 4.0 ± 2.6 (−31%); ES = −0.70 | ||
| Segal et al. Women [28] | KOOS (change pre-post) | ||
| BFR: | 2.0 ± 2.8 | 0.2 ± 0.1 | |
| CG: | 1.8 ± 2.7 | ||
| Segal et al. Men [27] | KOOS (change pre-post) | ||
| BFR: | 5.6 ± 11.7 (4.9 ± 3.3%) | 2.7 ± 1.7 (−9.3 ± −3.9) | |
| CG: | 2.9 ± 10.0 (14.2 ± 7.2%) | ||
| Bryk et al. [29] | NPRS knee pain intensity Post | ||
| BFR: | −3.3 ± 2.2 (−4.8, −1.7) | −0.8 (2.2, 0.6) | |
| CG: | −2.5 ± 1.8 (−4.2, −0.8) | ||
| NPRS in exercise | |||
| BFR: | 2.5 ± 1.5 | −3.7 (−5.0, −2.4) | |
| CG: | 6.2 ± 2.2 | ||
| Harper et al. [26] | WOMAC pain sub scale. | ||
| CG decreased compared to BFR. | 0.24 (−2.51, 2.98) | ||
| Hughes et al., 2018 [33] | Muscular pain. Mean difference | ||
| a. BFR greater pain compared to healthy CG. b. BFR greater pain compared to heavy-load CG. c. Healthy greater pain compared to heavy-load CG. |
a. 2.7 ± 1 (95% CI: 0.292–5.058) b. 5 ± 1 (95% CI: 2.942–7.758) c. 3 ± 1 (95% CI: 0.242–5.058) |
||
| Knee pain during session and at 24 h | |||
| BFR lower pain compared to heavy-load CG. | 3 ± 1 (95% CI: 0.242–5.058) | ||
| Hughes 2019 [34] | Muscular pain. | ||
| More pain with BFR | |||
| BFR: last session Injured limb |
Mean d = 0.5 (95% CI: 0.4–0.6) | p < 0.05 * | |
| Non- Injured limb | Mean d = 1.0 (95% CI: 0.8–1.2) | ||
| CG: last session Injured limb |
Mean d = 0.8 (95% CI: 0.7–0.9) | ||
| Non-Injured limb | Mean d = 0.7 (95% CI: 0.6–0.8) | ||
| Knee pain at 24 h. Sessions average |
|||
| Less pain with BFR | Mean d = 3.1 (95% CI: 2.9–3.3) | ||
| BFR injured limb: average from all sessions | Mean d = 2.9 (95% CI: 2.7–3.2) | ||
| CG injured limb: average from all sessions | Mean d = 1.7 (95% CI: 1.3–2.0). | ||
| Knee pain during session | |||
| Less pain with BFR | Mean d = 2.5 (95% CI: 2.2–2.8) | ||
| BFR injured limb: average from all sessions | Mean d = 1.2 (95% CI: 0.7–1.4) | ||
| CG injured limb: average from all sessions | Mean d = 0.6 (95% CI: 0.4–0.7) |
Abbreviations: BFR, blood flow restriction; CG, control group; HI-RT, high-intensity resistance training; LI-RT, low-intensity resistance training; WOMAC, Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Osteoarthritis Index; KOOS, knee injury and osteoarthritis outcome Score; NPRS, numeric pain rating scale; ES, effect sizes; Sig., significant; CI, confidence interval; d, Cohen; *, numerical data not available.