Figure 2.

Molecular mechanisms activated by amino acid transporters. Amino acid transporters are vital to balance the intracellular amino acid pool for many cellular functions. Depending on the amino acid transporter activity, ferroptosis, apoptosis, autophagy, and proliferation of cells is regulated. Cys and Glu are the key amino acids for the synthesis of GSH. Cells deal with ROS species through GSH to decrease DNA damage, protein oxidation, and lipid peroxidation. GLS: Glutaminase; GSH: Glutathione; Cys: Cysteine; Glu: Glutamate; Gln: Glutamine; Asp: Aspartate; AA: Amino acids; EAA: Essential amino acids; αKG: alpha-ketoglutarate.