Table 1.
Main demographic and clinical data of the study population.
| Group | Age (years) |
BCVA (ETDRS Score) |
DM Duration (years) | HbA1c (%) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Controls (18) | 54.9 ± 15.7 | 85 ± 0.0 † | ||
| No DR (39) | 63.1 ± 16.7 | 83.8 ± 2.2 ‡ | 9.5 ± 7.1 | 6.7 ± 1.3 |
| Mild DR (22) | 63.1 ± 19.6 | 82.3 ± 4.9 † | 18 ± 9.6 ¶ | 7.2 ± 0.9 |
| Moderate DR (100) | 69.41 ± 12.3 § | 75.4 ± 11.4 | 15.2 ± 9.2 ¶ | 7.6 ± 1.3 |
| Sight-threatening DR (32) | 60.4 ± 15.7 | 76.3 ± 9.8 | 16.6 ± 8.5 ¶ | 7.4 ± 1.5 |
| p value * | 0.013 | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.21 |
* One-way ANOVA analyses: comparison among controls, patients with DM and no DR, and patients with DM and different stages of DR severity. Comparison versus controls: § Scheffé’s test, p = 0.03. Comparison versus DM no DR: ¶ Scheffé’s test, p < 0.01. Comparison versus moderate DR: † Scheffé’s test, p = 0.04; ‡ Scheffé’s test, p < 0.01. Statistical significance was set at p = 0.05. Values are reported as mean ± SD. BCVA: best-corrected visual acuity; HbA1c: glycated hemoglobin; DM: diabetes mellitus; DR: diabetic retinopathy.