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PKC pathway. Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate is converted to phosphatidic acid, resulting in the accumulation of DAG, which activates PKC. On the other hand, the polyol pathway can activate the PKC pathway by increasing the production of NADH. Glut, glucose transporter; DAG, diacylglycerol; NAD(H), nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide; PKC, protein kinase C; TCA cycle, tricarboxylic acid cycle; TGF-β, transforming growth factor-β; VEGF, vascular endothelial growth factor.
