Table 1.

Animal and human studies using antibiotics.

Conditions		Treatment	Main Results	Ref
Animal	EtOH-induced liver injury in obese mice	Rifaximin	(↓): ALT, TG (↑): Proportion of the Bacteroidales	[59]
Human	HE	Rifaximin	(↓): Recurrent encephalopathy	[61]
	Cirrhosis developing candidemia	Rifaximin	(↓): Rate of candidemia	[62]
	Cirrhotic patients with refractory ascites	Rifaximin	(↑): Ascites and survival of cirrhotic patients	[63]
	Cirrhosis	Rifaximin-α	No effects on macrophage activation and disruption of fibrosis	[64]
	Cirrhosis	Rifaximin	(↓): Veillonellaceae, secondary/primary BA ratios	[65]
	Advanced cirrhosis	Norfloxacin	(↓): Incidence of Gram-negative bacterial infection (↑): Survival of patients with low ascites protein concentration	[66]
	Cirrhosis	Poorly/non-absorbable antibiotics	(↓): Hepatic venous pressure gradient	[70]
	HE (review)	Antibiotics Rifaximin	Improve cognition, inflammation, quality -of-life and driving simulator performance	[60]

↑ indicates an increase in condition, ↓ indicates a decrease in condition, ALT, alanine aminotransferase; BA, bile acids; HE, hepatic encephalopathy; TG, triglycerides