Table 2.
Animal and human studies using probiotics.
| Conditions | Treatment | Main Results | Ref | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Animal | BDL | L. rhamnosus GG | (↓): BA de novo synthesis, ALT, AST, ALP, TBIL, a-SMA, Col1, Col3, TGF-β, Timp1, Mmp2, F4/80, TNF-α, IL-6, IL-1B (↑): FGF-15, BA excretion |
[77] |
| CCl4 | Mixture of Saccharomyces cerevisiae + L. acidophilus |
(↓): hepatic oxidative stress, ER stress, inflammation, MAPK signaling, AST, ALT, Col1, α-SMA (↑): SIRT1 signaling |
[79] | |
| L. fermentum | (↓): Inflammation, AST, ALT, MDA, SOD, GSH, IL-1β, Bax, TNF-α, Caspase 3↓, NF-κB, p65 (↑): Bcl-2 |
[80] | ||
| L. plantarum | (↓): ALT, AST, MDA, SOD, GSH, IL-1β, TNF-α, Bax, NF-κB p65, Caspase (↑): Bcl-2 |
|||
| L. salivarius LI01 | (↓): AST, ALT, GGT, TLR2,4,5,9, intestinal barrier integrity, Col1a, Timp1, TGF-B (↑): Zo-1 |
[81] | ||
| P. pentosaceus LI05 | (↓): AST, ALT, GGT, TLR2,4,5,9, Col1a, Timp1, TGF-β(↑): Zo-1 | |||
| EtOH | L. fermentum | (↓): steatosis score, iNOS, Hsp60, AST, ALT | [82] | |
| TAA | Mixture of L. paracasei + L. casei + W. confusa | (↓): serum enzyme levels, inflammation, fibrosis | [83] | |
| Human | Cirrhosis with HE | VSL #3: L. (acidophilus + delbrueckii subspbulgaricus + casei + plantarum) + Bifidobaceria (breve + longum + infantis) + S. salivarius subspthermophilus | (↓): CTP score, MELD score, IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α, Indole, Renin, Aldosterone, Brain-type natriuretic peptide | [84] |
| Cirrhosis without overt HE | B. breve, L. acidophilus, L. plantarum, L. paracasei, L. bulgaricus, S. thermophilus | (↓): CTP score, psychometric hepatic encephalopathy scores | [85] | |
| Cirrhotic with MHE | L. rhamnosus GG | (↓): Enterobacteriaceae, endotoxemia, TNF-a (↑): Clostridiales, Lachnospiraceae relative abundance |
[86] | |
| Minimal MHE in HBV-induced Cirrhosis | Clostridium butyricum + B. infantis | (↓): Enterococcus, Enterobacteriaceae, ammonia level (↑): Cognitive ability |
[87] | |
↑ indicates an increase in condition, ↓ indicates a decrease in condition, ALT, alanine aminotransferase; ALP, alkaline phosphatase; AST, aspartate aminotransferase; α-SMA, alpha-smooth muscle actin; BA, bile acids; Bax, Bcl-2-associated X protein; BCL-2, b-cell lymphoma 2; BDL, bile duct ligation; CCl4, carbon tetrachloride; Col; Collagen, type; CTP, Child-Turcotte-Pugh; EtOH, ethylalcohol; GGT, gamma glutamyl peptidase; GSH, Glutathione; HBV, hepatitis B virus; HE, hepatic encephalopathy; HSP, heat shock proteins; IL, interleukin; iNOS, inducible nitric oxide synthase; MAPK, mitogen-activated protein kinase; MDA, malondialdehyde; MELD, model for end-stage liver disease; MHE, minimal hepatic encephalopathy; Mmp, matrix metallopeptidases; NF-κB, nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells; SIRT, selective internal radiation therapy; SOD, superoxide dismutase; TAA, thioacetamide; TG, triglycerides; TGF, transforming growth factor; TBIL, total bilirubin; Timp, tissue inhibitor of metallopeptidase; TLR, toll-like receptor; TNF- α, tumor necrosis factor alpha; Zo-1, zonula occludenes-1