Table 3.
Animal and human studies using prebiotics.
| Conditions | Treatment | Main Results | Ref | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Animal | ALF | Garlic polysaccharide | (↓): AST, ALT, MDA, TC, TG, TGF-β1, TNF-α, Lachnospiraceae, Lactobacillus
(↑): SOD, GSH-Px, GSH, Firmicutes, Facklamia |
[87] |
| CCl4 | Polysaccharides from Grifola frondosa | (↓): AST, ALT, TBIL, MDA, TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6 (↑): SOD, GSH-Px |
[92] | |
| Dendrobium officinale polysaccharide | (↓): Bax, caspase 3, TNF-α, α-SMA (↑): occludin, claudin-1, ZO-1, Bcl-2 TEER, IL-10 |
[93] | ||
| Olive oil combined with Lycium barbarum polysaccharides | (↓): TGF- β1, TNF-α, Timp-1 (↑): IL-10, IL-10/TNF-α |
[94] | ||
| ALD | Inulin | (↓): iNOS, inflammation, TNF-α (↑): propionate, butyrate, valeric, IL-10 |
[96] | |
| Human | Cirrhosis with HE | Lactitol | (↓): Mortality | [100] |
↑ indicates an increase in condition, ↓ indicates a decrease in condition, ALD, alcoholic liver disease; ALF, alcoholic liver fibrosis; ALT, alanine aminotransferase; AST, aspartate aminotransferase; α-SMA, alpha-smooth muscle actin; Bax, Bcl-2-associated X protein; CCl4, carbon tetrachloride; GSH, glutathione; HE, hepatic encephalopathy; IL, interleukin; MDA, malondialdehyde; SOD, superoxide dismutase; TC, total cholesterol; TG, triglycerides; TGF, transforming growth factor; TBIL, total bilirubin; TNF-α, tumor necrosis factor-alpha