Table 1.
Sociodemographic and health-related characteristics of the study population and prevalence of depressive symptoms by sociodemographic and health-related characteristics, n (%).
| ALL (n = 5379) | No-Depressive Symptoms (n = 3617, 67.2%) | Depressive Symptoms (n = 1762, 32.8%) | p-Value a | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sociodemographic Characteristics | ||||
| Age (years) | ||||
| Mean | 69.56 ± 9.05 | |||
| 55–64 | 1872 (34.8) | 1383 (73.9) | 489 (26.1) | <0.001 |
| 65–74 | 1818 (33.8) | 1252 (68.9) | 566 (31.1) | |
| 75 years and older | 1689 (31.4) | 982 (58.1) | 707 (41.9) | |
| Gender | ||||
| Male | 2334 (43.4) | 1672 (71.6) | 662 (28.4) | <0.001 |
| Female | 3045 (56.6) | 1945 (63.9) | 1100 (36.1) | |
| Marital status | ||||
| Separated, divorced, or widowed | 1205 (22.4) | 624 (51.8) | 581 (48.2) | <0.001 |
| Married | 4174 (77.6) | 2993 (71.7) | 1.181 (28.3) | |
| Education level | ||||
| Primary school or less | 2185 (40.6) | 1282 (58.7) | 903 (41.3) | <0.001 |
| Middle school | 955 (17.8) | 689 (72.1) | 266 (27.9) | |
| High school | 1723 (32.0) | 1262 (73.2) | 461 (26.8) | |
| College or above | 516 (9.6) | 384 (74.4) | 132 (25.6) | |
| Household income (quartile) | ||||
| 1Q (lowest) | 1240 (23.1) | 774 (62.4) | 466 (37.6) | <0.001 |
| 2Q | 1242 (23.1) | 728 (58.6) | 514 (41.4) | |
| 3Q | 1241 (23.1) | 828 (66.7) | 413 (33.3) | |
| 4Q (highest) | 1241 (23.1) | 1013 (81.6) | 228 (18.4) | |
| No answer | 415 (7.7) | 274 (66.0) | 141 (34.0) | |
| Residential region | ||||
| Rural | 1423 (26.5) | 1012 (71.1) | 411 (28.9) | <0.001 |
| Urban | 3956 (73.5) | 2605 (65.8) | 1351 (34.2) | |
| Working status | ||||
| Not currently working | 3248 (60.4) | 1988 (61.2) | 1260 (38.8) | <0.001 |
| Currently working | 2131 (39.6) | 1629 (76.4) | 502 (23.6) | |
| Heath status characteristics | ||||
| Self-rated health | ||||
| Fair or poor | 3776 (70.2) | 2331 (61.7) | 1445 (38.3) | <0.001 |
| Good | 1603 (29.8) | 1286 (80.2) | 317 (19.8) | |
| Work limitations due to health status | ||||
| No | 3736 (69.5) | 2765 (74.0) | 971 (26.0) | < 0.001 |
| Yes | 1643 (30.5) | 852 (51.9) | 791 (48.1) | |
| Number of chronic diseases | ||||
| No disease | 1758 (32.7) | 1314 (74.7) | 444 (25.3) | <0.001 |
| One disease | 1675 (31.1) | 1145 (68.4) | 530 (31.6) | |
| Two diseases or more | 1946 (36.2) | 1158 (59.5) | 788 (40.5) | |
| BMI (kg/m2) | ||||
| <23 | 2437 (45.3) | 1615 (66.3) | 822 (33.7) | <0.001 |
| 23–24.9 | 1483 (27.6) | 1044 (70.4) | 439 (29.6) | |
| ≥25 | 1459 (27.1) | 958 (65.7) | 501 (34.3) | |
| Hand-grip strength | ||||
| Normal | 3037 (56.5) | 2283 (75.2) | 754 (24.8) | <0.001 |
| Weak | 2342 (43.5) | 1334 (57.0) | 1008 (43.0) | |
| ADL limitations | ||||
| No | 5286 (98.3) | 3589 (67.9) | 1697 (32.1) | <0.001 |
| Yes | 93 (1.7) | 28 (30.1) | 65 (69.9) | |
| Cognitive impairment | ||||
| Normal | 4090 (76.0) | 3028 (74.0) | 1062 (26.0) | <0.001 |
| Cognitive impairment | 1181 (22.0) | 541 (45.8) | 640 (54.2) | |
| No answer | 108 (2.0) | 48 (44.4) | 60 (55.6) | |
| Health behaviors characteristics | ||||
| Smoking | ||||
| Non or former smokers | 4785 (89.0) | 3189 (66.6) | 1596 (33.4) | <0.001 |
| Current smokers | 594 (11.0) | 428 (72.1) | 166 (27.9) | |
| Alcohol consumption | ||||
| Non-drinker | 3513 (65.3) | 2269 (64.6) | 1244 (35.4) | <0.001 |
| Drinker | 1866 (34.7) | 1348 (72.2) | 518 (27.8) | |
| Regular exercise | ||||
| No | 3401 (63.2) | 2197 (64.6) | 1204 (35.4) | <0.001 |
| Yes | 1978 (36.8) | 1420 (71.8) | 558 (28.2) |
Note: Percentages in the shaded areas are the column percentages of each variable. a Chi-squared test.