Table 2.
Associations of regular exercise with depressive symptoms.
| Odds Ratio (95% Confidence Interval) | |
|---|---|
| Depressive Symptoms | |
| Sociodemographic characteristics | |
| Marital status | |
| Separated, divorced, or widowed | 1.00 |
| Married | 0.55 (0.47–0.64) ‡ |
| Education level | |
| Primary school or less | 1.00 |
| Middle school | 0.86 (0.71–1.04) |
| High school | 0.96 (0.80–1.14) |
| College or above | 1.07 (0.82–1.39) |
| Income (quartile) | |
| 1Q (lowest) | 1.00 |
| 2Q | 0.95 (0.79–1.14) |
| 3Q | 0.85 (0.70–1.02) |
| 4Q (highest) | 0.55 (0.44–0.67) ‡ |
| No answer | 1.12 (0.87–1.44) |
| Residential region | |
| Rural | 1.00 |
| Urban | 1.67 (1.43–1.94) ‡ |
| Working status | |
| Not currently working | 1.00 |
| Currently working | 0.84 (0.72–0.98) † |
| Health status characteristics | |
| Self-rated health | |
| Fair or poor | 1.00 |
| Good | 0.58 (0.49–0.68) ‡ |
| Work limitations due to health status | |
| No | 1.00 |
| Yes | 1.78 (1.55–2.04) ‡ |
| Number of chronic diseases | |
| No disease | 1.00 |
| One disease | 1.06 (0.90–1.25) |
| Two diseases or more | 1.11 (0.94–1.32) |
| BMI (kg/m2) | |
| <23 | 1.00 |
| 23–24.9 | 0.95 (0.81–1.11) |
| ≥25 | 1.01 (0.86–1.17) |
| Hand-grip strength | |
| Normal | 1.00 |
| Weak | 1.49 (1.31–1.71) ‡ |
| ADL limitations | |
| No | 1.00 |
| Yes | 1.99 (1.23–3.23) ‡ |
| Cognitive impairment | |
| Normal | 1.00 |
| Cognitive impairment | 2.29 (1.95–2.67) ‡ |
| No answer | 2.67 (2.08–2.85) ‡ |
| Health behavior characteristics | |
| Smoking | |
| Non or former smokers | 1.00 |
| Current smokers | 0.89 (0.71–1.12) |
| Alcohol consumption | |
| Non-drinker | 1.00 |
| Drinker | 1.05 (0.90–1.22) |
| Regular exercise | |
| Yes | 1.00 |
| No | 1.18 (1.03–1.35) † |
†p < 0.05, ‡ p < 0.01. Models were adjusted for all other variables in Table 1.