Table 3.

Prevention strategies detailed per pathogen.

Pathogen	Screening Test	Risk Factors	Prophylaxis	References
HBV	HBsAg, antiHBs, antiHBc, antiHBe, HBeAg, HBV-DNA when indicated	Steroids Rituximab Immunosuppressors Bortezomib	- Lamivudine, entecavir, tenofovir or pre-emptive therapy according to EASL or AGA guidelines - HBV vaccination of seronegative patients	[93,94]
HCV	Anti-HCV (HCV-RNA if Ab positive)	Long-term steroids Rituximab	- No drugs approved for prophylaxis - Eradication therapy in HCV-RNA+	[9,95]
Mycobacterium tuberculosis	tuberculin skin test or serum interferon gamma release assays +/- chest X-ray	Long-term steroids	Isoniazid (or rifampicin) in latent TB, polichemotherapy in active TB	[96]
Pneumocystis jirovecii	No screening tests available	Steroids >10 mg/day + age >65 or pulmonary disease or therapy with rituximab/CTX	TMP-SMX (atovaquone, pentamidine, dapsone if not tolerated/contraindicated)	[9,97,98]
Encapsulated bacteria	No screening tests available	Splenectomy Complement inhibitors	- ACWY and B group meningococcal vaccines - 23-valent and 13-valent pneumococcal vaccines - Haemophilus influenzae type B vaccine	[23,99,100,101,102]

HBV: hepatitis B virus, HCV: hepatitis C virus, HBsAg: hepatits B surface antigen, antiHBs: hepatits B surface antibodies, antiHBc: hepatitis B core antibodies, antiHBe: hepatitis B e-antibodies, HBeAg: hepatitis B e-antigen, HCV: hepatitis C virus, Ab: antibodies, EASL: European Association for the Study of the Liver, AGA: American Gastroenterological Association, TB: tuberculosis, CTX: cyclophosphamide, TMP-SMX: trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole.