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. 2021 Jan 5;22(1):463. doi: 10.3390/ijms22010463

Figure 1.

Figure 1

BBB breakdown and brain edema may aggravate brain dysfunction in HE and DE. Circulating factors can cause BBB breakdown, accompanied by astrocyte swelling and dysfunction, and glial activation. These can induce neuroinflammation, which is responsible for neuronal cell damage in HE and DE.