Table 1.
Characteristics of 17 studies included in the meta-analysis (− 2020)
| Author Publication Year |
Location | Study design | Total number of subjects | Age | Diet-assessment method | Factors adjusted for in analysis | Dietary patterns identified |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mazidi et al. 2018 [12] | United states | Cross-sectional | 21,649 | ≥18y | FFQ | Age, sex, race, body mass index, triglyceride, high density lipoprotein, diabetes,and hypertension | Saturated-MUFA; minerals and vitamins; Cholesterol-PUFA |
|
Shi et al. 2018 [13] |
China | Cross-sectional | 8429 | ≥18y | FFQ | Age, gender, intake of energy,education, income, urbanization level, smoking, alcohol drinking, physical activity, overweight/obesity, hypertension, and diabetes. | Traditional southern; Modern. |
| Xu et al. 2020 [19] | China | Cross-sectional | 2004 | 45-59y | FFQ | Age (continuous), gender, income (continuous), education level (<high school, high school, >high school), physical activity level (light, moderate, heavy), smoking status (never, current, former), BMI (continuous), T2DM(yes/no) and hypertension (yes/no), total energy intake (continuous) | Traditional southern Chinese; Western; Grains-vegetables |
| Yuzbashian et al. 2018 [25] | Iran | Cohort | 5904 | ≥30y | FFQ | age (continuous), sex (male, female), smoking (never, current smoker), total energy intake (continuous), body mass index (BMI; continuous), angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor (ACEi; yes, no) and physical activity (low, moderate and high) | DASH-style diet |
| Kurniawan et al. 2019 [26] | China (Taiwan) | Cross-sectional | 41,128 | 40-95y | FFQ | age, gender, BMI, smoking status, drinking status, physical activity, high cardiovascular risk profile, hypertension status (except hypertension variable), diabetes status (except diabetes variable), albumin, and CRP | Unhealthy |
| Eimery et al. 2020 [27] | Iran | Cross-sectional | 266 | 60–83 y | FFQ | Age, sex, BMI, smoking status, physical activity, BP, use of medications, dietary intakes of protein, potassium, calcium, magnesium and phosphorous, supplement intake, socioeconomic status, and energy intake | Healthy; Western; Traditional |
| Asghari et al. 2018 [28] | Iran | Cohort | 1630 | ≥27y | FFQ | Age, sex, smoking, total energy intake, physical activity, and body mass index, diabetes and hypertension | Lacto vegetarian; Traditional Iranian; Hiagh fat,high sugar |
| Paterson et al. 2018 [29] | United Kingdom | Cross-sectional | 1033 | 56-100y | FFQ | Age, BMI, presence of diabetes, presence of hypertension, ever smoking, presence/history of ischemic heart disease, presence/history of cerebrovascular accident and ever alcohol. | Healthy;unhealthy |
| Lara et al. 2019 [30] | United states | Cohort | 16,068 | ≥45y | FFQ | unadjusted | Plant-based; southern |
| Hu et al. 2019 [31] | United states | Cohort | 12,155 | 45-64y | FFQ | Age, sex, race-center, total energy intake, education level, income, and estimated glomerular filtration rate, physical activity, smoking status, and pack-years, BMI, diabetes,systolic blood pressure, antihypertensive medication use, and HDL cholesterol. Dietary acid load | HEI-2015;AHEI-2010;aMed |
| Rouhani Hossein et al. 2019 [32] | Iran | Cross-sectional | 221 | Mean:56.5y | FFQ | Age, family history of colorectal cancer, history of endoscopy, physical activity, pack-years of smoking before age 30, race, aspirin use, total energy intake, and BMI | High fruits and vegetables; high simple carbohydrate and sugar; high fat |
|
Huang et al. 2013 [33] |
Sweden | Cohort | 1110 | Approximately 70 y | FFQ | BMI, physical activity, smoking status, education, hypertension, hyperlipidemia, and diabetes | Mediterranean Diet |
| Hu et al. 2020 [34] | United states | Cohort | 12,692 | 45-64y | Questionnaire | Total energy intake, age, sex, race-center, income, education level, health insurance, smoking, physical activity, diabetes status, hypertension status, body mass index, baseline estimated glomerular filtration rate | drinker |
| Koning et al. 2015 [35] | Netherlands | Cohort | 5476 | 28-75y | Questionnaire | Age, sex, height, weight, smoking status, parental history of CKD, history of cardiovascular disease, and educational level | Alcohol consumption |
|
Sato et al. 2014 [36] |
Japan | Cohort | 9112 | 40-55y | Questionnaire | age, body mass index, systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure,fasting plasma glucose, smoking habits (nonsmokers, past smokers, and current smokers), and regular leisure-time physical activity (yes/no). | Drinking pattern |
| Okada et al. 2019 [37] | Japan | Cohort | 9116 | 40-55y | Questionnaire | Age, BMI, systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, fasting plasma glucose, smoking habits (nonsmokers, past smokers, and current smokers), and regular leisure-time physical activity (yes/no),eGFR at baseline | Drinkers |
| Foster et al. 2015 [38] | United kingdom | Cohort | 1964 | Mean:62.5y | FFQ | other listed lifestyle factors, age, sex, baseline eGFR, BMI, hypertension, diabetes, and dipstick proteinurial | Alcohol consumption |
BMI: body mass index;DASH: dietary approaches to stop hypertension;BP: blood pressure; FFQ: food frequency questionnaire;T2DM:type 2 diabetes mellitus