. 2021 Jan 9;9:5. doi: 10.1186/s40364-020-00258-5

Table 1.

Demographic and biochemical characteristics of normal subjects, prodromal AD, and AD dementia

Demographic data/molecules in CSF or plasma	Total numbers of subjects	Normal	Prodromal AD	AD dementia	p value
Number of subjects	101	50	23	28
Age	101	72.0 (6.1)	71.1 (8.6)	69.4 (6.0)	0.262
Years of education	101	9.5 (5.0)	8.0 (4.7)	6.70 (3.8) ^a	0.033
Gender, female, n (%)	101	26.0 (52.0)	12 (52.2)	17.0 (60.7)	0.736
K-MMSE score	101	26.8 (2.3)	25.3 (3.9)	17.9 (5.4) ^{a, b}	< 0.001
CDR	101	0.3 (0.2)	0.5 (0.0) ^a	0.9 (0.4) ^{a, b}	< 0.001
CDR sum of boxes	101	0.5 (0.6)	1.3 (0.6)	5.1 (2.6) ^{a, b}	< 0.001
GDS	101	1.6 (0.5)	3.0 (0.2) ^a	4.1 (0.9) ^{a, b}	< 0.001
B-ADL	101	20.0 (0.0)	20.0 (0.2)	19.0 (1.8) ^{a, b}	< 0.001
I-ADL	101	0.04 (0.08)	0.22 (0.14) ^a	0.63 (0.20) ^{a, b}	< 0.001
CSF biomarkers
Aβ_1–42, pg/ml	101	1,059 (177)	550 (223) ^a	484 (192) ^a	< 0.001
t-Tau, pg/ml	101	230 (77)	389 (236) ^a	536 (209) ^{a, b}	< 0.001
p-Tau₁₈₁, pg/ml	101	44 (14)	66 (33) ^a	78 (28) ^a	< 0.001
BK, pg/ml	72	83 (49)	55 (45)	39 (33) ^a	0.002
Plasma factors
FXIIa, U/ml	101	23.90 (3.70)	28.0 (3.4) ^a	30.6 (3.7) ^a	< 0.001
FXIa, U/ml	101	1.11 (0.21)	1.18 (0.21)	1.30 (0.30) ^a	0.005
FXa, U/ml	101	0.77 (0.11)	0.81 (0.12)	0.97 (0.29) ^{a, b}	< 0.001
Kallikrein, U/ml	101	1.20 (0.25)	1.35 (0.34)	1.54 (0.39) ^a	< 0.001
BK, pg/ml	90	13,365 (9,305)	13,497 (7,945)	17,679 (21,186)	0.406

Data are presented as mean (± standard deviation) or number (%). Abbreviations: K-MMSE Korean Mini-Mental State Examination, CDR Clinical Dementia Rating, GDS Global Deterioration Scale, B-ADL Barthel Activities of Daily Living, I-ADL Instrumental Activities of Daily Living, CSF cerebrospinal fluid, Aβ amyloid beta-protein, t-Tau total Tau protein, p-Tau phosphorylated Tau protein, AD Alzheimer’s disease, BK bradykinin. ^astatistically significant difference between the indicated group and the normal group; ^bstatically significant difference between prodromal AD and AD dementia groups