Table 2.
Characteristics for the Overall Cohort (N = 133), Stratified by DM, and Early-Onset Hyperglycemia
| Characteristic | No DM (n = 71) |
DM (n = 62) |
P | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| No EHG (n = 56) | EHG (n = 15) | No EHG (n = 15) | EHG (n = 47) | ||
| Demographics on ICU admission | |||||
| Age, y | 55.6 ± 14.5a | 58.1 ± 15.3 | 61.2 ± 15.1 | 63.1 ± 11.6a | .047 |
| Female | 14 (25.0) | 3 (20.0%) | 5 (33.3%) | 19 (40.4%) | .285 |
| Race/ethnicity | .298 | ||||
| Hispanic | 6 (10.7%) | 4 (26.7%) | 1 (6.7%) | 9 (19.1%) | |
| Non-Hispanic Black | 5 (8.9%) | 3 (20.0%) | 2 (13.3%) | 11 (23.4%) | |
| Non-Hispanic White | 22 (39.3%) | 4 (26.7%) | 6 (40.0%) | 10 (21.3%) | |
| Other/unknown | 23 (41.1%) | 4 (26.7%) | 6 (40.0%) | 17 (36.2%) | |
| Comorbidities | |||||
| Body mass index | .510 | ||||
| <18.5 | 1 (2.0%) | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | |
| 18.5-24.9 | 10 (19.6%) | 5 (33.3%) | 1 (8.3%) | 5 (11.1%) | |
| 25.0-29.9 | 14 (27.5%) | 4 (26.7%) | 5 (41.7%) | 20 (44.4%) | |
| ≥30.0 | 26 (51.0%) | 6 (40.0%) | 6 (50.0%) | 20 (44.4%) | |
| Hypertension | 21 (37.5%) | 2 (13.3%)a | 6 (40.0%) | 26 (55.3%)a | .029 |
| Coronary artery disease | 4 (7.1%) | 2 (13.3%) | 4 (26.7%) | 9 (19.1%) | .163 |
| Congestive heart failure | 2 (3.6%) | 0 (0%) | 2 (13.3%) | 6 (12.8%) | .167 |
| Smoking status | .345 | ||||
| Nonsmoker | 31 (55.4%) | 9 (60.0%) | 6 (40.0%) | 30 (63.8%) | |
| Former smoker | 10 (17.9%) | 2 (13.3%) | 6 (40.0%) | 8 (17.0%) | |
| Current smoker | 6 (10.7%) | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | 2 (4.3%) | |
| Chronic kidney disease | 3 (5.4%) | 0 (0%) | 1 (6.7%) | 5 (10.6%) | .497 |
| ESRD on RRT | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | 1 (6.7%) | 1 (2.1%) | .272 |
| Pre-ICU A1C, % | 5.7 ± 0.5a | 5.7 ± 0.5b | 6.5 ± 1.0c | 7.8 ± 2.2abc | <.001 |
| Pre-ICU A1C, mmol/mol | 39 ± 5a | 39 ± 5b | 48 ± 10c | 62 ± 24abc | <.001 |
| Antihyperglycemic agent on admission | |||||
| Insulin | 25 (44.6%)a | 9 (60.0%)b | 9 (60.0%)c | 44 (93.6%)abc | <.001 |
| Laboratory datad | |||||
| Creatinine, mg/dL | 0.91 (0.54) | 1.17 (0.61) | 0.96 (0.52) | 1.00 (0.69) | .143 |
| Lactate, mmol/L | 1.4 (1.0)a | 2.2 (1.6)a | 1.8 (1.0) | 1.6 (1.1) | .023 |
| Procalcitonin, ng/mL | 0.33 (0.70)a | 1.26 (38.12)a | 0.42 (2.48) | 0.38 (1.27) | .028 |
| C-reactive protein, mg/L | 193.3 (201.7)a | 306.3 (277.8)ab | 152.5 (189.2) | 166.2 (141.7)b | .036 |
| D-dimer, ng/mL | 1285 (1700)a | 4910 (4880)a | 1140 (2590) | 2400 (2455) | .011 |
| Interleukin-6, pg/mL | 141 (152) | 388 (2836) | 164 (198) | 177 (492) | .277 |
| Ferritin, ng/mL | 916 (2507) | 11 900 (2147) | 11 227 (1801) | 11 295 (1871) | .601 |
| ICU medical interventions | |||||
| Glucocorticoids on days 1 or 2 | 15 (26.8%)a | 9 (60.0%)a | 2 (13.3%) | 16 (34.0%) | .034 |
| Respiratory support on ICU admission | .123 | ||||
| IMV | 31 (55.4%) | 14 (93.3%) | 8 (53.3%) | 35 (74.5%) | |
| BiPAP or CPAP | 3 (5.4%) | 1 (6.7%) | 1 (6.7%) | 3 (6.4%) | |
| HFNC or NRB | 12 (21.4%) | 0 (0%) | 3 (20.0%) | 7 (14.9%) | |
| Other | 10 (17.9%) | 0 (0%) | 3 (20.0%) | 2 (4.3%) | |
Abbreviations: A1C = hemoglobin A1C; BiPAP = bilevel positive airway pressure; CPAP = continuous positive airway pressure; DM = diabetes mellitus; EHG = early-onset hyperglycemia; ESRD = end-stage renal disease; HFNC = high-flow nasal cannula; HSD = honestly significant difference; ICU = intensive care unit; IMV = invasive mechanical ventilation; NRB = non-rebreather mask; RRT = renal replacement therapy.
Data are expressed as either mean ± SD or counts (percentage).
Superscripts (a,b,c) indicate significant pairwise differences between subgroups. Significance was determined by Tukey’s HSD posthoc tests for continuous and normally distributed data, Dunn-Bonferroni post hoc method for continuous and nonnormally distributed data, and adjusted standardized residuals for categorical data.
Laboratory data are maximum values between ICU calendar days 1 and 2 and expressed as median (interquartile range).