TABLE 1.
Baseline Characteristics of Study Population
| Age, yrs | 63 (57.0–68.8) | 65 (60.0–70.0) | 64 (59.0–71.0) | 0.0174 |
| Male | 340 ± 92.64 | 112 ± 99.12 | 78 ± 84.78 | 0.0005 |
| Race | 0.0118 | |||
| White | 190 ± 51.77 | 49 ± 43.36 | 36 ± 39.13 | |
| African American | 157 ± 42.78 | 63 ± 55.75 | 53 ± 57.61 | |
| Other | 20 ± 5.45 | 1 ± 0.88 | 3 ± 3.26 | |
| BMI, kg/m2 | 29.5 (25.4–33.6) | 29 (24.1–32.7) | 35.8 (30–41.5) | <0.0001 |
| BSA, m2 | 2.13 (1.95–2.32) | 2.1 (1.92–2.27) | 2.36 (2.07–2.56) | <0.0001 |
| Systolic blood pressure, mm Hg | 142 (128–156) | 140 (127–160) | 149 (136–161) | 0.0331 |
| Diastolic blood pressure, mm Hg | 82.8 ± 12.2 | 82.4 ± 13.6 | 85.3 ± 11.2 | 0.1854 |
| Hypertension | 279 ± 76.23 | 94 ± 83.93 | 85 ± 92.39 | 0.0013 |
| Coronary artery disease | 114 ± 31.15 | 65 ± 57.52 | 33 ± 35.87 | <0.0001 |
| Obstructive sleep apnea | 87 ± 23.84 | 24 ± 21.43 | 38 ± 41.30 | 0.0013 |
| Current smoking | 96 ± 26.37 | 42 ± 37.84 | 18 ± 19.78 | 0.0117 |
| Atrial fibrillation/flutter | 23 ± 6.32 | 12 ± 10.71 | 10 ± 10.87 | 0.1673 |
| Medication use | ||||
| Beta-blockers | 173 ± 47.27 | 100 ± 88.50 | 62 ± 67.39 | <0.0001 |
| Aspirin | 214 ± 58.47 | 93 ± 82.30 | 64 ± 69.57 | <0.0001 |
| Clopidogrel | 29 ± 7.95 | 27 ± 23.89 | 11 ± 11.96 | <0.0001 |
| ACE inhibitors | 169 ± 46.17 | 70 ± 61.95 | 52 ± 56.52 | 0.0069 |
| ARBs | 37 ± 10.11 | 17 ± 15.04 | 18 ± 19.57 | 0.0347 |
| Furosemide | 7 ± 1.91 | 72 ± 63.72 | 64 ± 69.57 | <0.0001 |
| Spironolactone | 10 ± 2.73 | 16 ± 14.16 | 8 ± 8.70 | <0.0001 |
| Statins | 233 ± 63.66 | 94 ± 83.19 | 61 ± 66.30 | 0.0005 |
| Long-acting nitrates | 28 ± 7.65 | 19 ± 16.96 | 20 ± 21.74 | 0.0001 |
| Hydralazine | 6 ± 1.63 | 14 ± 12.39 | 10 ± 10.87 | <0.0001 |
| Warfarin | 27 ± 7.38 | 16 ± 14.16 | 4 ± 4.35 | 0.0241 |
| Calcium-channel blockers | 93 ± 25.41 | 24 ± 21.24 | 38 ± 41.30 | 0.0026 |
| Thiazides | 86 ± 23.50 | 18 ± 15.93 | 21 ± 22.83 | 0.2290 |
| eGFR (ml/min per 1.73 m2) | 82 (66.0–101.0) | 77 (58.8–96.2) | 70 (57.0–95.5) | 0.0039 |
| Diabetes mellitus | 155 ± 42.35 | 70 ± 62.50 | 62 ± 68.13 | <0.0001 |
| Triglycerides, mg/dl | 115 (75–196) | 115 (78–167) | 118 (87–185) | 0.6267 |
| HDL-cholesterol, mg/dl | 42 (34.7–50.0) | 41 (32.3–50.0) | 41 (36.0–50) | 0.4986 |
| LDL-cholesterol, mg/dl | 90 (68.0–115.9) | 85 (64.0–110.0) | 85 (68.0–107.3) | 0.5193 |
| NT-proBNP (pg/ml) | 325 (86–950) | 2,748 (1,050–5,450) | 486 (118–1,419) | <0.0001 |
| Left ventricular ejection fraction (%) | 58.4 (51.5–64.3) | 34.3 (26.0–41.3) | 60.6 (55.8–68.8) | <0.0001 |
| Mitral E-wave velocity, cm/s | 67.2 (56.9,83.2) | 61.7 (50.3, 87.1) | 78.4 (63.7, 91.6) | 0.0014 |
| Mitral deceleration time, s | 0.202 (0.170–0.25.0) | 0.2 (0.153–0.260) | 0.217 (0.180–0.251) | 0.3062 |
| E/e’, septal | 9 (7.0–11.3) | 11.6 (8.8–16.1) | 12.1 (9.6–14.4) | <0.0001 |
| E/e’, lateral | 6.9 (5.5–9.4) | 9 (6.6–12.5) | 8.9 (7.2–12.2) | <0.0001 |
| Mean E/e’ | 8 (6.5–10.2) | 10.4 (8.4–14.5) | 10.3 (8.4–13.3) | <0.0001 |
| Left atrial volume index (ml/m2 of BSA) | 29 (21.9–37.6) | 41.6 (30.4–54.9) | 37.7 (29.6–48.4) | <0.0001 |
Values are median (25th–75th percentile) or mean ± SD.
ACE = angiotensin-converting enzyme; ARB = angiotensin receptor blocker; BMI = body mass index; BSA = body surface area; eGFR = estimated glomerular filtration rate; HDL = high-density lipoprotein; HFpEF = heart failure with preserved ejection fraction; HFrEF = heart failure with reduced ejection fraction; LDL = low density lipoprotein.