Table 3.
Multivariable linear regression modelsa of maternal characteristics associated with total As in 1st trimester urine samples.
| Base Modela (N=241) |
Base Model + Adjustment for Urinary Arsenobetaineb (N=241) |
Base Model + Adjustment for Rice and Seafood Consumptionc (N=211) | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Maternal Characteristics | Estimated %Difference in Total As (95% CI)d | Pe | Estimated %Difference in Total As (95% CI)d | Pe | Estimated %Difference in Total As (95% CI)d | Pe |
| Maternal Age | 1.4 (−0.1, 2.8) | 0.06 | 1.1 (−0.2, 2.5) | 0.10 | 1.4 (−0.3, 3.1) | 0.11 |
| Maternal Ethnicity by Birthplace | ||||||
| Non-Hispanicf | Ref. | -- | Ref. | -- | Ref. | -- |
| U.S. Born Hispanic | 20.0 (−5.7, 52.7) | 0.14 | 24.5 (−0.4, 55.6) | 0.05 | 12.4 (−15.6, 49.8) | 0.42 |
| Foreign-Born Hispanic | 20.5 (−5.7, 53.9) | 0.13 | 21.9 (−2.9, 52.9) | 0.09 | 18.2 (−11.4, 57.7) | 0.25 |
| Education | ||||||
| Less than 12th grade | Ref. | -- | Ref. | -- | Ref. | -- |
| Completed grade 12 | −10.5 (−26.6, 9.2) | 0.28 | −14.9 (−29.3, 2.3) | 0.09 | −6.5 (−25.5, 17.2) | 0.56 |
| Some college/ technical school | −3.2 (−19.9, 17.1) | 0.45 | −7.6 (−22.6, 10.2) | 0.38 | −3.5 (−22.0, 19.3) | 0.74 |
| Marital Status | ||||||
| Married | Ref. | -- | Ref. | -- | Ref. | -- |
| Living Together, Not Married | 12.3 (−6.0, 34.1) | 0.20 | 17.9 (−0.1, 39.0) | 0.05 | 15.4 (−5.2, 40.5) | 0.15 |
| Never Married, Single | 19.0 (−3.7, 47.1) | 0.11 | 20.5 (−1.0, 46.6) | 0.06 | 25.2 (−1.5, 59.2) | 0.07 |
| Smoking Status | ||||||
| Never | Ref. | -- | Ref. | -- | Ref. | -- |
| Ever | −3.3 (−17.9, 13.9) | 0.69 | −4.9 (−18.3, 10.7) | 0.52 | 3.0 (−14.5, 24.2) | 0.75 |
| Living with a Smoker | ||||||
| No | Ref. | -- | Ref. | -- | Ref. | -- |
| Yes | 10.0 (−18.1, 47.7) | 0.53 | 6.4 (−19.0, 39.8) | 0.65 | −4.6 (−32.7, 35.3) | 0.79 |
| BMI Category | ||||||
| Normal/Underweight | Ref. | -- | Ref. | -- | Ref. | -- |
| Overweight | 3.7 (−13.7, 24.7) | 0.69 | 2.1 (−14.0, 21.2) | 0.81 | 0.6 (−17.9, 23.3) | 0.95 |
| Obese | 1.4 (−15.2, 21.2) | 0.88 | 0.9 (−14.5, 19.0) | 0.92 | 4.7 (−14.7, 28.4) | 0.66 |
| Parity | ||||||
| First Pregnancy | Ref. | -- | Ref. | -- | ||
| Not First Pregnancy | 6.9 (−10.0, 27.0) | 0.44 | 10.7 (−5.7, 29.9) | 0.21 | 6.1 (−12.9, 29.3) | 0.55 |
| Urinary Arsenobetaine | ||||||
| Tertile 1 (<0.23 μg/L) | Ref. | -- | Ref. | -- | Ref. | -- |
| Tertile 2 (≥0.23 & <1.16 μg/L) | -- | -- | 21.6 (3.3, 43.1) | 0.02 | -- | -- |
| Tertile 3 (≥1.16 μg/L) | -- | -- | 68.2 (42.9, 98.0) | <0.01 | -- | -- |
| Rice Consumption | ||||||
| <½ Cup Less Than Weekly | Ref. | -- | Ref. | -- | Ref. | -- |
| ½ Cup or More At Least Weekly | -- | -- | -- | -- | 4.9 (−10.7, 23.2) | 0.56 |
| Any Seafood Consumption | ||||||
| Never, Rarely, or Don’t Know | Ref. | -- | Ref. | -- | Ref. | -- |
| Monthly | -- | -- | -- | -- | 6.1 (−16.1, 34.1) | 0.62 |
| At Least Weekly | -- | -- | -- | -- | −2.4 (−25.0, 27.0) | 0.85 |
All covariates were included simultaneously in the base model, including age, recruitment site, ethnicity by birthplace, education, marital status, smoking status, second hand smoke exposure, BMI category and parity.
Base model with additional adjustment for arsenobetaine.
Base model with additional adjustment for any rice or seafood consumption
Coefficients reflect percent change in total As (excluding AsB). Outcomes were natural log-transformed. Regression coefficients were back-transformed to represent the % difference in the outcome for a unit difference in the predictor using the following formula: ((eβ)−1)*100
Bolded values are statistically significant at p<0.05.
Includes foreign-born non-Hispanic women