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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2022 Feb 1.
Published in final edited form as: Ann Epidemiol. 2020 Sep 30;54:79–86.e4. doi: 10.1016/j.annepidem.2020.09.012

Table 5.

Rate ratio (95% confidence interval (CI)) of total and cause-specific neurological disease hospital admissions associated with each interquartile range (IQR) increase in PM2.5 source concentration, by lag time and outcome, 2005–2016

PM2.5 Source IQR * (μg/m3) Total Alzheimer’s Disease Dementia Parkinson’s Disease
N Rate Ratio¥ (95% CI) P* N Rate Ratio¥ (95% CI) P* N Rate Ratio¥ (95% CI) P* N Rate Ratio¥ (95% CI) P*
Road Dust (RD)
 0–29 4.2 56,542 0.96 (0.74, 1.25) 0.77 31,852 0.85 (0.60, 1.20) 0.37 14,790 1.24 (0.75, 2.06) 0.40 9,900 0.90 (0.49, 1.66) 0.74
 0–179 2 56,726 0.77 (0.39, 1.51) 0.44 32,133 0.98 (0.41, 2.36) 0.96 14,650 0.81 (0.20, 3.29) 0.77 9,943 0.22 (0.05, 1.08) 0.062
 0–364 1.3 54,729 0.57 (0.21, 1.57) 0.28 31,095 0.30 (0.08, 1.15) 0.080 14,054 3.40 (0.45, 25.63) 0.24 9,580 0.27 (0.03, 2.79) 0.27
Secondary Sulfate (AS)
 0–29 4.2 56,542 1.02 (0.99, 1.04) 0.30 31,852 1.01 (0.98, 1.05) 0.47 14,790 1.01 (0.95, 1.07) 0.74 9,900 1.02 (0.95, 1.09) 0.57
 0–179 2 56,726 1.09 (1.00, 1.19) 0.042 32,133 1.07 (0.95, 1.20) 0.25 14,650 1.13 (0.94, 1.35) 0.19 9,943 1.13 (0.93, 1.38) 0.21
 0–364 1.3 54,729 1.01 (0.89, 1.14) 0.88 31,095 1.01 (0.86, 1.19) 0.90 14,054 0.93 (0.71, 1.22) 0.61 9,580 1.10 (0.84, 1.43) 0.50
Secondary Nitrate (AN)
 0–29 4.2 56,542 0.93 (0.88, 0.99) 0.015 31,852 0.97 (0.90, 1.04) 0.39 14,790 0.87 (0.78, 0.98) 0.021 9,900 0.89 (0.78, 1.02) 0.083
 0–179 2 56,726 0.91 (0.77, 1.08) 0.29 32,133 1.05 (0.85, 1.30) 0.68 14,650 0.80 (0.57, 1.13) 0.20 9,943 0.73 (0.49, 1.08) 0.12
 0–364 1.3 54,729 0.95 (0.75, 1.20) 0.66 31,095 0.97 (0.72, 1.32) 0.86 14,054 0.88 (0.54, 1.43) 0.60 9,580 1.03 (0.58, 1.83) 0.92
Diesel (DIE)
 0–29 4.2 56,542 0.95 (0.83, 1.09) 0.46 31,852 1.04 (0.87, 1.24) 0.67 14,790 0.80 (0.61, 1.05) 0.11 9,900 0.89 (0.64, 1.22) 0.47
 0–179 2 56,726 0.97 (0.66, 1.43) 0.87 32,133 1.36 (0.82, 2.27) 0.23 14,650 0.71 (0.32, 1.56) 0.39 9,943 0.54 (0.22, 1.35) 0.19
 0–364 1.3 54,729 2.02 (1.17, 3.47) 0.011 31,095 1.83 (0.90, 3.71) 0.093 14,054 2.45 (0.78, 7.72) 0.13 9,580 2.06 (0.56, 7.50) 0.28
Spark-Ignition Emissions (GAS)
 0–29 4.2 56,542 0.97 (0.91, 1.05) 0.48 31,852 0.97 (0.88, 1.07) 0.54 14,790 0.96 (0.84, 1.11) 0.60 9,900 1.04 (0.88, 1.22) 0.67
 0–179 2 56,726 0.81 (0.66, 0.99) 0.037 32,133 0.76 (0.58, 0.98) 0.038 14,650 0.71 (0.47, 1.07) 0.11 9,943 1.11 (0.70, 1.75) 0.66
 0–364 1.3 54,729 0.96 (0.75, 1.23) 0.75 31,095 0.77 (0.56, 1.06) 0.11 14,054 1.35 (0.79, 2.33) 0.28 9,580 1.38 (0.78, 2.44) 0.27
Biomass burning (BB)
 0–29 4.2 56,542 0.96 (0.80, 1.17) 0.70 31,852 0.96 (0.75, 1.22) 0.72 14,790 0.70 (0.46, 1.06) 0.092 9,900 1.49 (0.95, 2.32) 0.081
 0–179 2 56,726 0.58 (0.31, 1.06) 0.076 32,133 0.50 (0.23, 1.09) 0.083 14,650 0.40 (0.10, 1.51) 0.18 9,943 1.73 (0.40, 7.42) 0.46
 0–364 1.3 54,729 0.93 (0.38, 2.28) 0.88 31,095 1.15 (0.36, 3.63) 0.81 14,054 0.79 (0.12, 5.33) 0.81 9,580 0.90 (0.11, 7.45) 0.92
Pyrolized Organic Rich (OP)
 0–29 3.8 39,029 1.01 (0.93, 1.09) 0.89 21,603 1.04 (0.94, 1.16) 0.41 10,388 0.97 (0.83, 1.14) 0.73 7,038 0.91 (0.74, 1.10) 0.32
 0–179 1.5 41,343 1.00 (0.88, 1.14) 0.95 23,005 1.05 (0.89, 1.24) 0.55 10,915 1.05 (0.81, 1.36) 0.72 7,423 0.86 (0.63, 1.18) 0.36
 0–364 0.9 42,054 1.09 (0.95, 1.25) 0.22 23,467 1.15 (0.96, 1.37) 0.13 11,072 1.24 (0.94, 1.64) 0.13 7,515 0.80 (0.57, 1.14) 0.22
¥

Models adjusted for day of the week, public holidays, time trend (4df/year), temperature (4df) and relative humidity using natural splines (3df); RR estimates in italics showed statistically significant (p<0.05) heterogeneity in RR estimates across site