Table 1.
Characteristics of 574 MESA Participants with Metabolic Syndrome and/or Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus
| Variable | All (n=574) | Long-Term CAC=0 (n=240) | Incident CAC (n=334) | P-Value § |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sociodemographic | ||||
| Age, years | 58.9 (9.1) | 56.8 (8.9) | 60.3 (8.9) | < 0.0001 |
| Female, % | 66.6 | 68.8 | 65.0 | 0.34 |
| Race, % | ||||
| Caucasian | 29.5 | 29.2 | 29.6 | 0.98 |
| Chinese | 8.5 | 8.7 | 8.4 | |
| African American | 33.6 | 32.9 | 34.1 | |
| Hispanic | 28.4 | 29.2 | 27.9 | |
| Traditional CVD Risk Factors | ||||
| Systolic Blood Pressure, mmHg | 130.3 (20.3) | 129.1 (19.9) | 131.1 (20.6) | 0.23 |
| Diastolic Blood Pressure, mmHg | 73.1 (10.1) | 72.9 (10.5) | 73.2 (9.9) | 0.67 |
| Antihypertensive Medication, % | 44.1 | 40.4 | 46.7 | 0.13 |
| Total Cholesterol, mg/dL | 195.4 (36.7) | 192.7 (35.8) | 197.3 (37.3) | 0.15 |
| HDL Cholesterol, mg/dL | 44.5 (10.8) | 44.5 (10.9) | 44.5 (10.7) | 0.94 |
| Serum Triglycerides, mg/dL † | 162.0 (105.0, 212.0) | 159.0 (107.0, 205.0) | 162.0 (104.0,213.0) | 0.69 |
| Lipid-lowering Medication, % | 17.1 | 12.5 | 20.5 | 0.01 |
| Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus, % | 26.5 | 26.3 | 26.7 | 0.92 |
| Fasting Blood Glucose, mg/dL | 107.6 (37.9) | 102.7 (28.2) | 111.2 (43.2) | <0.001 |
| Glucose-lowering Medication, % | 17.3 | 15.4 | 18.6 | 0.33 |
| Waist Circumference, cm | 104.4 (12.4) | 103.9 (12.4) | 104.7 (12.4) | 0.48 |
| Never Smokers, % | 56.9 | 57.7 | 56.3 | 0.88 |
| Ten-Year ASCVD Risk | 8.5 (3.7, 15.4) | 6.9 (2.7, 12.6) | 9.5 (4.8, 16.6) | <0.001 |
| Cardiovascular Imaging | ||||
| CAC Score at Visit 5, † | 6.8 (0.0, 35.9) | 0.0 (0.0, 0.0) | 29.3 (12.2, 75.5) | <0.001 |
| Presence of Carotid Plaque, % ‡ | 43.3 | 33.8 | 50.3 | 0.0001 |
| Presence of Thoracic Calcification, % | 14.5 | 7.5 | 19.5 | <0.001 |
| Novel CVD Risk Factors | ||||
| hs-C-Reactive Protein, mg/L | 5.1 (6.4) | 4.9 (5.8) | 5.1 (6.8) | 0.79 |
| hs-Cardiac Troponin T, pg/dL † | 4.0 (2.9, 6.5) | 3.3 (2.9, 5.5) | 4.4 (2.9, 6.9) | <0.001 |
| NT-proBNP, pg/dL †‡ | 44.4 (19.9, 89.4) | 39.1 (19.3, 77.3) | 49.9 (20.6, 91.2) | 0.10 |
| Lipoprotein a, mg/dL‡ | 25.7 (30.2) | 23.1 (18.7) | 27.9 (31.3) | 0.12 |
| Metabolic Syndrome Severity Z-Score | 1.8 (1.1) | 1.7 (0.9) | 1.8 (1.2) | 0.13 |
| eGFR, mL/min/1.73m2 * | 81.2 (15.9) | 82.8 (15.7) | 80.1 (16.1) | 0.04 |
| Presence of Urine Protein, % | 9.9 | 9.2 | 10.6 | 0.60 |
Values are mean (SD) unless otherwise noted.
†
=median (Q1, Q3).
‡
=measured in subset of population (carotid plaque, n=545; NT-proBNP, n=474; Lp(a), n=303).
§
= p-value for comparison between long-term CAC=0 and incident CAC.
ASCVD=atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease; CAC=coronary artery calcium; eGFR=estimated glomerular filtration rate; HDL=high-density lipoprotein; hs=high-sensitivity; mmHg=millimeters of mercury; MESA=multi-ethnic study of atherosclerosis; NT-proBNP = n-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide.